“I encourage all of us, whatever our beliefs, to question the basic narratives of our world, to connect past developments with present concerns and not to be afraid of controversial issues"

<ul><li>The best thing fire did was cook.</li><li>Cooking killed germs and parasites that infested food.</li><li>The advent of cooking enabled humans to eat more kinds of food, to devote less time to eating, and to make do with smaller teeth and shorter intestines.</li><li>Whereas chimpanzees spend five hours a day chewing raw food, a single hour suffices for people eating cooked food.</li></ul>

A Race Of Cooks

<ul><li>You could never convince a monkey to give you a banana by promising him limitless bananas after death in monkey heaven.</li><li>But why is it important? After all, fiction can be dangerously misleading or distracting.</li><li>People who go to the forest looking for fairies and unicorns would seem to have less chance of survival than people who go looking for mushrooms and deer.</li><li>And if you spend hours praying to non-existing guardian spirits, aren’t you wasting precious time, time better spent foraging, fighting and fornicating?</li></ul>

The Tree Of Knowledge 

<ul><li>Large numbers of strangers can cooperate successfully by believing in common myths.</li><li>Yet none of these things exists outside the stories that people invent and tell one another. There are no gods in the universe, no nations, no money, no human rights, no laws, and no justice outside the common imagination of human beings. </li></ul>

An Imagined Order

<ul><li>Ever since the Cognitive Revolution, Sapiens has thus been living in a dual reality.</li><li>On the one hand, the objective reality of rivers, trees and lions; and on the other hand, the imagined reality of gods, nations and corporations.</li><li>When two strangers in a tribal society want to trade, they will often establish trust by appealing to a common god, mythical ancestor or totem animal.</li></ul>

Dual Reality 

<ul><li>A natural order is a stable order. There is no chance that gravity will cease to function tomorrow, even if people stop believing in it.</li><li>In contrast, an imagined order is always in danger of collapse, because it depends upon myths, and myths vanish once people stop believing in them.</li></ul>

Natural Order Vs Imagined Order

<ul><li>In the savannahs and forests they inhabited, high-calorie sweets were extremely rare and food in general was in short supply.</li><li>The instinct to gorge on high-calorie food was hard-wired into our genes.</li><li>Today we may be living in high-rise apartments with over-stuffed refrigerators, but our DNA still thinks we are in the savannah.</li></ul>

Why we binge on the sweetest and greasiest food we can find?

<ul><li>The Agricultural Revolution was history’s biggest fraud.</li><li>Who was responsible? The culprits were a handful of plant species, including wheat, rice and potatoes.</li><li>The body of Homo sapiens had not evolved for such tasks. It was adapted to climbing apple trees and running after gazelles, not to clearing rocks and carrying water buckets.</li><li>Moreover, the new agricultural tasks demanded so much time that people were forced to settle permanently next to their wheat fields. This completely changed their way of life.</li><li>We did not domesticate wheat. It domesticated us.</li></ul>

History’s Biggest Fraud

One of history’s few iron laws is that luxuries tend to become necessities and to spawn new obligations. Once people get used to a certain luxury, they take it for granted. Then they begin to count on it. Finally they reach a point where they can’t live without it.

The Luxury Trap

<ul><li>Henceforth, attachment to ‘my house’ and separation from the neighbours became the psychological hallmark of a much more self-centred creature.</li><li>People found it difficult to leave their artificial islands. They could not abandon their houses, fields and granaries without grave risk of loss.</li></ul>

Building Pyramids

<ul><li>In organised crime, the big boss is not necessarily the strongest man. He is often an older man who very rarely uses his own fists; he gets younger and fitter men to do the dirty jobs for him.</li><li>If people realise that human rights exist only in the imagination, isn’t there a danger that our society will collapse?</li><li>Voltaire said that ‘there is no God, but don’t tell that to my servant, lest he murder me at night’.</li></ul>

There is No Justice in History

A Myths and fictions accustomed people, nearly from the moment of birth, to think in certain ways, to behave in accordance with certain standards, to want certain things, and to observe certain rules. They thereby created artificial instincts that enabled millions of strangers to cooperate effectively.This network of artificial instincts is called culture’.

The Arrow Of Histroy

<ul><li>Money is not coins and banknotes.</li><li>Money is anything that people are willing to use in order to represent systematically the value of other things for the purpose of exchanging goods and services.</li><li>Money is thus a universal medium of exchange that enables people to convert almost everything into almost anything else.</li><li>Money isn’t a material reality–it is a psychological construct.</li><li>Trust is the raw material from which all types of money are minted.</li></ul>

How Does Money Work?

<ul><li>Money is accordingly a system of mutual trust, and not just any system of mutual trust: money is the most universal and most efficient system of mutual trust ever devised.</li><li>Why do I believe in the gold coin or dollar bill? Because my neighbours believe in them. And my neighbours believe in them because I believe in them. And we all believe in them because our king believes in them and demands them in taxes.</li></ul>

The Scent Of Money

<ul><li>Religion can be defined as a system of human norms and values that is founded on a belief in a superhuman order.</li><li>Today religion is often considered a source of discrimination, disagreement and disunion.</li><li>Yet, in fact, religion has been the third great unifier of humankind, alongside money and empires.</li><li>Since all social orders and hierarchies are imagined, they are all fragile, and the larger the society, the more fragile it is.</li></ul>

Law of Religion

"Humans emerge from the womb like molten glass from a furnace. They can be spun, stretched and shaped with a surprising degree of freedom. This is why today we can educate our children to become Christian or Buddhist, capitalist or socialist, warlike or peace-loving."

People pursue wealth and power, acquire knowledge and possessions, beget sons and daughters, and build houses and palaces. Yet no matter what they achieve, they are never content. Everything that one has accumulated vanishes like smoke. Life is a pointless rat race.But how to escape it?

Never Contented Sapiens

<ul><li>Buddha’s insight was that no matter what the mind experiences, it usually reacts with craving, and craving always involves dissatisfaction.</li><li>"Suffering arises from craving ; the only way to be liberated from craving is to train the mind to experience reality as it is."</li><li>If the mind of a person is free of all craving, no god can make him miserable.</li><li>Conversely, once craving arises in a person’s mind, all the gods in the universe cannot save him from suffering.</li></ul>

Craving Is Suffering 

<ul><li>But modern science differs from all previous traditions of knowledge: The willingness to admit ignorance. </li><li>Even more critically, it accepts that the things that we think we know could be proven wrong as we gain more knowledge.</li><li>The great discovery that launched the Scientific Revolution was the discovery that humans do not know the answers to their most important questions.</li></ul>

The Discovery of Ignorance

<ul><li>Many cultures believed that lightning was the hammer of an angry god, used to punish sinners.</li><li>In the middle of the eighteenth century, Benjamin Franklin flew a kite during a lightning storm to test the hypothesis that lightning is simply an electric current.</li><li>Franklins empirical observations, coupled with his knowledge about the qualities of electrical energy, enabled him to invent the lightning rod and disarm the gods.</li></ul>

Ben Franklin Disarming The Gods

Throughout history, societies have suffered from two kinds of poverty:<ol><li>Social poverty, which withholds from some people the opportunities available to others.</li><li>Biological poverty, which puts the very lives of individuals at risk due to lack of food and shelter.</li></ol><ul><li>People still suffer from numerous degradations, humiliations and poverty-related illnesses, but in most countries nobody is starving to death.</li><li>In fact, in many societies more people are in danger of dying from obesity than from starvation.</li></ul>

Social And Biological Poverty

<ul><li>In the new capitalist creed, the first and most sacred commandment is: ‘The profits of production must be reinvested in increasing production.’</li></ul>Napoleon made fun of the British, calling them a nation of shopkeepers. Yet these shopkeepers defeated Napoleon himself, and their empire was the largest the world has ever seen.

Capitalist Creed

<ul><li>Today in the United States, only 2 per cent of the population makes a living from agriculture, yet this 2 per cent produces enough not only to feed the entire US population, but also to export surpluses to the rest of the world.</li><li>Humans now produce far more steel, manufacture much more clothing, and build many more structures than ever before. For the first time in human history, supply began to outstrip demand.</li><li>And an entirely new problem was born: who is going to buy all this stuff?</li></ul>

A Growing Pie

<ul><li>Most people throughout history lived under conditions of scarcity.</li><li>Consumerism has worked very hard, with the help of popular psychology (‘Just do it!’) to convince people that indulgence is good for you, whereas frugality is self-oppression.</li><li>It has succeeded. We are all good consumers. We buy countless products that we don’t really need, and that until yesterday we didn’t know existed.</li></ul>

The Age Of Shopping

<ul><li>In the affluent world of today one of the leading health problems is obesity, which strikes the poor even more severely than the rich.</li><li>Each year the US population spends more money on diets than the amount needed to feed all the hungry people in the rest of the world.</li><li>Obesity is a double victory for consumerism. Instead of eating little, which will lead to economic contraction, people eat too much and then buy diet products–contributing to economic growth twice over.</li></ul>

Obesity Is A Double Victory 

<ul><li>In medieval Europe, aristocrats spent their money carelessly on extravagant luxuries, whereas peasants lived frugally, minding every penny.</li><li>Today, the tables have turned.</li><li>The rich take great care managing their assets and investments, while the less well heeled go into debt buying cars and televisions they don’t really need.</li><li>The capitalist and consumerist ethics are two sides of the same coin, a merger of two commandments.</li></ul><ol><li>The supreme commandment of the rich is ‘Invest!’</li><li>The supreme commandment of the rest of us is ‘Buy!’</li></ol>

Invest Or Buy

<ul><li>Our children’s books and our TV screens are still full of giraffes, wolves and chimpanzees, but the real world has very few of them left. There are about 80,000 giraffes in the world, compared to 1.5 billion cattle; only 200,000 wolves, compared to 400 million domesticated dogs; only 250,000 chimpanzees–in contrast to billions of humans.</li><li>Humankind really has taken over the world.</li></ul>

Destruction Of Nature

<ul><li>Many call this process ‘the destruction of nature’. But it’s not really destruction, it’s change. Nature cannot be destroyed.</li><li>Sixty-five million years ago, an asteroid wiped out the dinosaurs, but in so doing opened the way forward for mammals.</li><li>Today, humankind is driving many species into extinction and might even annihilate itself.</li><li>But other organisms are doing quite well. Rats and cockroaches would probably creep out from beneath the smoking rubble of a nuclear Armageddon, ready and able to spread their DNA.</li></ul>

Change Of Nature

The state and the market approached people with an offer that could not be refused. ‘Become individuals,’ they said."Marry whomever you desire, without asking permission from your parents. Live wherever you wish, even if you cannot make it every week to the family dinner. You are no longer dependent on your family or your community.We, the state and the market, will take care of you instead. We will provide food, shelter, education, health, welfare and employment. We will provide pensions, insurance and protection."

The Collapse of the Family and the Community

<ul><li>In the last two centuries, the intimate communities have withered, leaving imagined communities to fill in the emotional vacuum.</li><li>Consumerism and nationalism work extra hours to make us imagine that millions of strangers belong to the same community as ourselves, that we all have a common past, common interests and a common future. This isn’t a lie. It’s imagination. They exist only in our collective imagination, yet their power is immense.</li></ul>

Imagined Communities 

<ul><li>Madonna fans, for example, constitute a consumer tribe.</li><li>They define themselves largely by shopping. They buy Madonna concert tickets, CDs, posters, shirts and ring tones, and thereby define who they are.</li><li>Manchester United fans, vegetarians and environmentalists are other examples.</li></ul>

Consumer Tribe 

<ul><li>In 1945 Britain ruled a quarter of the globe. Thirty years later it ruled just a few small islands.</li><li>International wars became rare only after 1945, largely thanks to the new threat of nuclear annihilation.</li><li>While war became less profitable, peace became more lucrative than ever.</li><li>The economy has grown exponentially, and humankind today enjoys the kind of wealth that used to be the stuff of fairy tales.</li></ul>

Peace In Our Time

<ul><li>Money brings happiness.</li><li>Family and community seem to have more impact on our happiness than money and health.</li><li>Happiness depends on the correlation between objective conditions and subjective expectations.</li><li>If you want a bullock-cart and get a bullock-cart, you are content. If you want a brand-new Ferrari and get only a second-hand Fiat you feel deprived.</li></ul>

Counting Happiness

<ul><li>When things improve, expectations balloon, and consequently even dramatic improvements in objective conditions can leave us dissatisfied.</li><li>It is all a matter of expectations. If happiness is determined by expectations, then two pillars of our society–mass media and the advertising industry–may unwittingly be depleting the globe’s reservoirs of contentment.</li></ul>

Expectations Balloon

<ul><li>Happiness is determined by a complex system of nerves, neurons, synapses and various biochemical substances such as serotonin, dopamine and oxytocin.</li><li>People are made happy by one thing –pleasant sensations in their bodies.</li><li>If sex were not accompanied by such pleasure, few males would bother.</li><li>At the same time, evolution made sure that these pleasant feelings quickly subsided. If orgasms were to last for ever, the very happy males would die of hunger for lack of interest in food, and would not take the trouble to look for additional fertile females.</li></ul>

Chemical Happiness 

<ul><li>Take the work involved in raising a child. Kahneman found that when counting moments of joy and moments of drudgery, bringing up a child turns out to be a rather unpleasant affair.</li><li>It consists largely of changing nappies, washing dishes and dealing with temper tantrums, which nobody likes to do.</li><li>Yet most parents declare that their children are their chief source of happiness.</li></ul>

And They Lived Happily Ever After

<ul><li>Happiness is not the surplus of pleasant over unpleasant moments. Rather, happiness consists in seeing one’s life in its entirety as meaningful and worthwhile.</li><li>A meaningful life can be extremely satisfying even in the midst of hardship, whereas a meaningless life is a terrible ordeal no matter how comfortable it is.</li></ul>

Know Thyself

"If you have a why to live, you can bear almost any how."

<ul><li>SEVENTY THOUSAND YEARS AGO, HOMO sapiens was still an insignificant animal minding its own business in a corner of Africa.</li><li>In the following millennia it transformed itself into the master of the entire planet and the terror of the ecosystem.</li><li>Today it stands on the verge of becoming a god, poised to acquire not only eternal youth, but also the divine abilities of creation and destruction.</li></ul>

The Animal that Became a God

"Fire give us powerFarming made us hungry for moreMoney gave us purposeScience made us deadly"

“People don’t like to think, if one thinks, one must reach conclusions. Conclusions are not always pleasant.” — Helen Keller

New York Times Bestseller A Summer Reading Pick for President Barack Obama, Bill Gates, and Mark Zuckerberg From a renowned historian comes a groundbreaking narrative of humanity’s creation and evolution—a #1 international bestseller—that explores the ways in which biology and history have defined us and enhanced our understanding of what it means to be “human.” One hundred thousand years ago, at least six different species of humans inhabited Earth. Yet today there is only one—homo sapiens. What happened to the others? And what may happen to us? Most books about the history of humanity pursue either a historical or a biological approach, but Dr. Yuval Noah Harari breaks the mold with this highly original book that begins about 70,000 years ago with the appearance of modern cognition. From examining the role evolving humans have played in the global ecosystem to charting the rise of empires, Sapiens integrates history and science to reconsider accepted narratives, connect past developments with contemporary concerns, and examine specific events within the context of larger ideas. Dr. Harari also compels us to look ahead, because over the last few decades humans have begun to bend laws of natural selection that have governed life for the past four billion years. We are acquiring the ability to design not only the world around us, but also ourselves. Where is this leading us, and what do we want to become? Featuring 27 photographs, 6 maps, and 25 illustrations/diagrams, this provocative and insightful work is sure to spark debate and is essential reading for aficionados of Jared Diamond, James Gleick, Matt Ridley, Robert Wright, and Sharon Moalem.

history

History

education

Learning & Education

books

Books

artsandculture

Society, Arts & Culture

scienceandnature

Science & Nature

Sapiens

“Nobody ever figures out what life is all about, and it doesn't matter. Explore the world. Nearly everything is really interesting if you go into it deeply enough.”

<ul><li>Professor Hermann Weyl has given this definition of symmetry: a thing is symmetrical if one can subject it to a certain operation and it appears exactly the same after the operation.</li><li>If there is a piece of equipment in one place with a certain kind of machinery in it, the same equipment in another place will behave in the same way. Why? The equations are the same, the phenomena appear the same.</li><li>All quantities that have a direction, like a step in space, are called vectors.</li></ul>

Symmetry In Physics

<ol><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hF_uHfSoOGA">Symmetry</a> Operations    </li><li>Translation in space</li><li>Translation in time</li><li>Rotation through a fixed angle    </li><li>Uniform velocity in a straight line (Lorentz transformation):</li><li>Reversal of time: if we could see the individual molecules, we would not be able to discern whether the machinery was working forwards or backwards.</li><li>Reflection of space</li><li>Interchange of identical atoms or identical particles: all electrons are the same; all protons are the same; all positive pions are the same; and so on.</li><li>Quantum-mechanical phase</li><li>Matter-antimatter (charge conjugation)  </li></ol>

SYMMETRY IN PHYSICAL LAWS

<ul><li>Dirac predicted that in addition to electrons there must be another particle, called the positron (discovered at Caltech by Anderson), that is necessarily related to the electron.</li><li>All the properties of these two particles obey certain rules of correspondence: the energies are equal; the masses are equal; the charges are reversed; but, more important than anything, the two of them, when they come together, can annihilate each other and liberate their entire mass in the form of energy, say γ-rays.</li><li>The positron is an antiparticle to the electron.</li></ul>

Antimatter

<ul><li>The rule of the “anti” is not just that it has the opposite charge, it has a certain set of properties, the whole lot of which are opposite.</li><li>The antineutron is distinguished from the neutron in this way: if we bring two neutrons together, they just stay as two neutrons, but if we bring a neutron and an antineutron together, they annihilate each other with a great explosion of energy being liberated, with various π-mesons, γ-rays, and whatnot.</li></ul>

A neutron is neutral, so how can it have the opposite charge?

<ul><li>Light always travels at 186,000 mi/sec in all systems, even when they are in relative motion.</li><li>In other words, when the outsider sees the man in the spaceship lighting a cigar, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ev9zrt__lec">all the actions appear to be slower than normal</a>, while to the man inside, everything moves at a normal rate. So not only must the lengths shorten, but also the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qQheJn-FHc">time-measuring instruments (“clocks”) must apparently slow down.</a></li><li>So the Lorentz transformation is analogous to a rotation, only it is a “rotation” in space and time,</li></ul>

The Lorentz transformation

<ul><li>Imagine, Peter and Paul, who are twins, born at the same time. Paul flies away at very high speed. Because Peter, who is left on the ground, sees Paul going so fast, all of Paul’s clocks appear to go slower, his heartbeats go slower, his thoughts go slower, everything goes slower, from Peter’s point of view.</li><li>Of course, Paul notices nothing unusual, but if he travels around and about for a while and then comes back, he will be younger than Peter, the man on the ground!</li><li>That is actually right; it is one of the consequences of the theory of relativity which has been clearly demonstrated.</li></ul>

The twin paradox

<ul><li>Einstein had a different interpretation of the law of gravitation. According to him, space and time—which must be put together as <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vl7Tk2zohQU">space-time</a>—are curved near heavy masses.</li><li>And it is the attempt of things to go along “straight lines” in this curved space-time which makes them move the way they do.</li><li>The particles always take the longest proper time—in space-time a quantity analogous to the “shortest distance.” That’s the law of motion in a gravitational field.</li></ul>

SPACE-TIME

“When you sit with a nice girl for two hours you think it's only a minute. But when you sit on a hot stove for a minute you think it's two hours. That's relativity."

<ol><li> Time and distance rates depend on the place in space you measure them and on the time. This is equivalent to the statement that space-time is curved. From the measured area of a sphere we can define a predicted radius, And the curvature must be the same no matter who is looking at the matter or how it is moving. </li><li>Particles move on “straight lines” (trajectories of maximum proper time) in this curved space-time.</li></ol>

Einstein’s Laws Of Gravitation

“Space is curved and that matter is the source of the curvature. Matter is also the source of gravitation, so gravity is related to the curvature.”

E = (M-m)c^2. This equation was used to estimate how much energy would be liberated under fission in the atomic bomb, for example. The mass of the uranium atom was known—it had been measured ahead of time—and the atoms into which it split, iodine, xenon, and so on, all were of known mass. In other words, both M and m0 are known. So by subtracting the two numbers one can calculate how much energy will be released if M can be made to split in “half.”For this reason poor old Einstein was called the “father” of the atomic bomb in all the newspapers.

Father of Atomic Bomb

“I don't know what's the matter with people: they don't learn by understanding, they learn by some other way — by rote or something. Their knowledge is so fragile!”

”The aim [of education] must be the training of independently acting and thinking individuals who, however, see in the service to the community their highest life problem."

Richard Phillips Feynman (May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as his work in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model. For his contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 jointly with Julian Schwinger and Shin'ichirō Tomonaga.

Six lectures, all regarding the most revolutionary discovery in twentieth-century physics: Einstein's Theory of Relativity. No one--not even Einstein himself--explained these difficult, anti-intuitive concepts more clearly, or with more verve and gusto, than Feynman.

technologyandthefuture

Technology & The Future

problemsolving

Problem Solving

Six Not-So-Easy Pieces

“Everything we know is only some kind of approximation, because we know that we do not know all the laws as yet. Therefore, things must be learned only to be unlearned again or, more likely, to be corrected.”

<ul><li>The jiggling motion is what we represent as heat: when we increase the temperature, we increase the motion.</li><li>If we heat the water, the jiggling increases and the volume between the atoms increases, and if the heating continues there comes a time when the pull between the molecules is not enough to hold them together and they do fly apart and become separated from one another.</li><li>Of course, this is how we manufacture steam out of water.</li></ul>

Jiggling Motion In Atoms

<ul><li>When a molecule leaves it is due to an accidental, extra accumulation of a little bit more than ordinary energy, which it needs if it is to break away from the attractions of its neighbors.</li><li>Therefore, since those that leave have more energy than the average, the ones that are left have less average motion than they had before. So the liquid gradually cools if it evaporates.</li><li>When they leave they take away heat; when they come back they generate heat.</li><li>Hence, blow on soup to cool it!</li></ul>

Why We Blow The Soup To Cool It

<ul><li>A process in which the rearrangement of the atomic partners occurs is what we call a chemical reaction.</li><li>The heat is ordinarily in the form of the molecular motion of the hot gas, but in certain circumstances it can be so enormous that it generates light. That is how one gets flames.</li><li>If we look at very tiny particles (colloids) in water through amicroscope, we see a perpetual jiggling of the particles, which is the result of the bombardment of the atoms. This is called the Brownian motion.</li></ul>


Chemical reactions

<ul><li>Nucleus consist of two kinds of particles, protons and neutrons, almost of the same weight and very heavy.</li><li>The protons are electrically positive charged and the neutrons are neutral.</li><li>An atom has a diameter of about 10^-8 cm. The nucleus has a diameter of about 10^-13 cm.</li><li>If we have an atom with six protons inside its nucleus, and this is surrounded by six electrons , this would be atom number six in the chemical table, and it is called carbon.</li><li>So the chemical properties of a substance depend only on the number of electrons.</li></ul>

BASIC PHYSICS

<ul><li>If we shake a charge back and forth more and more rapidly, and look at the effects, we get a whole series of different kinds of waves, which are all unified by specifying the number of oscillations per second.</li><li>The electromagnetic field can carry waves; some of these waves are light, others are used in radio broadcasts, but the general name is electromagnetic waves. These oscillatory waves can have various frequencies.</li><li>A changing electric field cannot exist without magnetism.</li></ul>

Electromagnetic Waves 

<ul><li>It is the nuclear “burning” of hydrogen which supplies the energy of the sun; the hydrogen is converted into helium.</li><li>Furthermore, ultimately, the manufacture of various chemical elements proceeds in the centers of the stars, from hydrogen.</li><li>The stuff of which we are made was “cooked” once, in a star, and spit out. 😮</li></ul>

We Are Cooked From Stars ⭐️ 

<ul><li>The theory is that there are currents inside the earth—circulating currents, due to the difference in temperature inside and outside—which, in their motion, push the surface slightly.</li><li>Thus if there are two opposite circulations next to each other, the matter will collect in the region where they meet and make belts of mountains which are in unhappy stressed conditions, and so produce volcanoes and earthquakes.</li></ul>

How Mountains, Volcanoes And Earthquake Are Made?

<ul><li>The energy has a large number of different forms, and there is a formula for each one. These are gravitational energy, kinetic energy, heat energy, elastic energy, electrical energy, chemical energy, radiant energy, nuclear energy, mass energy.</li><li>If we total up the formulas for each of these contributions, it will not change except for energy going in and out.</li></ul>

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

<ul><li>Heat energy= kinetic energy of atoms—internal motion.</li><li>Electrical energy, which has to do with pushing and pulling by electric charges.</li><li>Radiant energy, the energy of light, which we know is a form of electrical energy because light can be represented as wigglings in the electromagnetic field.</li><li>Chemical energy, the energy which is released in chemical reactions.</li><li>Nuclear energy, the energy which is involved with the arrangement of particles inside the nucleus</li><li>An object has energy from its sheer existence.(E=mc^2)</li></ul>

Types Of Energy

<ul><li>Our supplies of energy are from the sun, rain, coal, uranium, and hydrogen.</li><li>The sun makes the rain, and the coal also, so that all these are from the sun.</li><li>Although energy is conserved, nature does not seem to be interested in it; she liberates a lot of energy from the sun, but only one part in two billion falls on the earth. Nature has conservation of energy, but does not really care; she spends a lot of it in all directions.</li></ul>

Sun ☀️ - The Ultimate Source Of Energy 

What is this law of gravitation? It is that every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force which for any two bodies is proportional to the mass of each and varies inversely as the square of the distance between them.F=GMm/r^2where G=6.6743 × 10-11 m^3 kg^-1 s^-2

THE THEORY OF GRAVITATION

<ol><li>Each planet moves around the sun in an ellipse, with the sun at one focus.</li><li>The radius vector from the sun to the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time.</li><li>The squares of the periods of any two planets are proportional to the cubes of the semimajor axes of their respective orbits: T ∝ a^3/2.</li></ol>

Kepler’s Laws

<ol><li>Principle of inertia—if something is moving, with nothing touching it and completely undisturbed, it will go on forever, coasting at a uniform speed in a straight line.</li><li>Newton modified this idea, saying that the only way to change the motion of a body is to use force. Newton thus added the idea that a force is needed to change the speed or the direction of motion of a body. The force is proportional to the mass times the acceleration.</li><li>Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.</li></ol>

Newton’s Laws Of Motion

That is easy; it is due to gravitation. The earth can be understood to be round merely because everything attracts everything else and so it has attracted itself together as far as it can! If we go even further, the earth is not exactly a sphere because it is rotating, and this brings in centrifugal effects which tend to oppose gravity near the equator.

Why is the earth round?

<ul><li>In the Einstein relativity theory, anything which has energy has mass—mass in the sense that it is attracted gravitationally.</li><li>Even light, which has an energy, has a “mass.” When a light beam, which has energy in it, comes past the sun there is an attraction on it by the sun.</li><li>Thus the light does not go straight, but is deflected.</li><li>During the eclipse of the sun, for example, the stars which are around the sun should appear displaced from where they would be if the sun were not there, and this has been observed.</li></ul>

Einstein’s Theory Of Relativity

<ul><li>The new view of the interaction of electrons and photons that is electromagnetic theory, but with everything quantum-mechanically correct, is called quantum electrodynamics.</li><li>It predicted another very remarkable thing: besides the electron, there should be another particle of the same mass, but of opposite charge, called a positron, and these two, coming together, could annihilate each other with the emission of gamma rays.</li></ul>

Quantum Electrodynamics

<ul><li>“Quantum mechanics” is the description of the behavior of matter in all its details and, in particular, of the happenings on an atomic scale.</li><li>Historically, the electron, for example, was thought to behave like a particle, and then it was found that in many respects it behaved like a wave. So it really behaves like neither.</li><li>One of the consequences is that things which we used to consider as waves also behave like particles, and particles behave like waves; in fact everything behaves the same way. There is no distinction between a wave and a particle.</li></ul>

Wave-Particle Duality 

<ul><li>“It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through, that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern.”</li><li>“One cannot know both where something is and how fast it is moving.”</li><li>The uncertainty of the momentum and the uncertainty of the position are complementary, and the product of the two is bounded by a small constant.</li><li>We can write the law like this: Δx Δp ≥ ħ/2.</li></ul>

Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

When a crystal is cooled to absolute zero (0 Kelvin) , we said that the atoms do not stop moving, they still jiggle. Why?<ul><li>If they stopped moving, we would know where they were and that they had zero motion, and that is against the uncertainty principle. We cannot know where they are and how fast they are moving, so they must be continually wiggling in there!</li></ul>Zero Mass: The fact that a particle has zero mass means, in a way, that it cannot be at rest. A photon is never at rest; it is always moving at 186,000 miles a second.

Even At 0 Kelvin, Atoms Jiggle 🤯

“Anybody who is not shocked by the quantum theory hasn’t understood it.”

"It was Feynman's outrageous and scintillating method of teaching that earned him legendary status among students and professors of physics. From 1961 to 1963, Feynman delivered a series of lectures at the California Institute of Technology that revolutionized the teaching of physics around the world. 'Six Not-So-Easy Pieces', taken from these famous 'Lectures on Physics' represent some the most stimulating material from the series. In these classic lessons, Feynman introduces the general reader to the following topics: atoms, basic physics, energy, gravitation, quantum mechanics, and the relationship of physics to other topics ..."--Page 4 of cover.

Six Easy Pieces

<ul><li>Happiness = Health + Wealth + Good Relationships</li><li>Health = Exercise + Diet + Sleep</li><li>Exercise = High Intensity Resistance Training + Sports + Rest</li><li>Diet = Natural Foods + Intermittent Fasting + Plants</li><li>Sleep = No alarms + 8–9 hours + Circadian rhythms</li><li>Wealth = Income + Wealth * (Return on Investment)</li><li>Income = Accountability + Leverage + Specific Knowledge</li><li>Accountability = Personal Branding + Personal Platform+ Taking Risk</li><li>Specific Knowledge = Knowing how to do something society cannot yet easily train other people to do</li></ul>

Short Summary 

<ul><li>Leverage = Capital + People + Intellectual Property</li><li>Return on Investment = “Buy-and-Hold” + Valuation + Margin of Safety</li><li>Be present above all else.</li><li>Desire is suffering. (Buddha)</li><li>If you can’t see yourself working with someone for life, don’t work with them for a day.</li><li>Reading (learning) is the ultimate meta-skill and can be traded for anything else.</li><li>All the real benefits in life come from compound interest.</li><li>Earn with your mind, not your time.</li></ul>

<ul><li>Truth is that which has predictive power.</li><li>Watch every thought. (Ask “Why am I having this thought?”)</li><li>All greatness comes from suffering.</li><li>Love is given, not received.</li><li>Enlightenment is the space between your thoughts. (Eckhart Tolle)</li><li>Mathematics is the language of nature.</li><li>Total honesty at all times. It’s almost always possible to be honest and positive.</li><li>Praise specifically, criticize generally. (Warren Buffett)</li></ul>

<ul><li>Wealth is assets that can earn while you sleep and that is being reinvested into other assets.</li><li>Intentions don’t matter. Action do.</li><li>“Learn to sell , learn to build. If you can do both , you will be unstoppable.”</li><li>“Making money is not a thing you do- it’s a skill you learn”</li><li>“Getting rich is about knowing what to do, who to do with and when to do it.</li><li>“If you don’t own a piece of business, you don’t have a path towards financial freedom”</li></ul>

Wealth

<ol><li>Labor(worst form of leverage): Other humans working for you. Managing other people is incredibly messy, it requires tremendous leadership skills.</li><li>Money(good form): if you get good at managing capital, you can manage more and more capital much more easily than you can manage more and more people.</li><li>Product with no marginal cost of replication: includes books ,media, movies and code. You can multiply your efforts without involving other humans and without Needing money from other humans.(permissionless).</li></ol>

Classes Of Leverage

Retirement is when you stop sacrificing today for an imaginary tomorrow.How do you get there?<ol><li>Have so much money that your passive income covers your burn rate.</li><li>Drive your burn rate to zero—You become a monk.</li><li>Doing something you love—You know how to do it better because you love it and no one can compete with you.(Figure out how to map that to what society actually wants)</li></ol>

Definition Of Retirement 

<ol><li>Hope luck finds you.</li><li>Hustle until you stumble into it.</li><li>Prepare the mind and be sensitive to chances other miss.</li><li>Become the best at what you do.</li></ol>

Ways To Get Lucky,

<ul><li>The really smart thinkers are clear thinkers. They understand the basics at a very, very fundamental level.</li><li>If someone is using a lot of fancy words and a lot of big concepts, they probably don't know what they're talking about.</li><li>If you can't explain it to a child, then you don't know.</li><li>I never ask if “I like it” or “I don’t like it.” I think “this is what it is” or “this is what it isn’t.”—Richard Feynman</li><li>The more you know, the less you diversify.</li></ul>

How To Think Clearly

<ul><li>Lean into things with short-term pain, but long-term gain.</li><li>Read what you love until you love to read.</li><li>It’s not about “educated” vs. “uneducated.” It’s about “likes to read” and “doesn’t like to read.”</li><li>A calm mind, a fit body, and a house full of love. These things cannot be bought. They must be earned.</li><li>The three big ones in life are wealth, health, and happiness. We pursue them in that order, but their importance is reverse.</li></ul>

Happiness>Health>Wealth

We are highly judgmental survival-and-replication machines. We constantly walk around thinking, “I need this,” or “I need that,” trapped in the web of desires. Happiness is the state when nothing is missing. When nothing is missing, your mind shuts down and stops running into the past or future to regret something or to plan something.How do you learn to accept things you can’t change?Fundamentally, it boils down to one big hack: embracing death.

When Nothing Is Missing ... 

<ul><li>People mistakenly believe happiness is just about positive thoughts and positive actions.</li></ul>The Tao Te Ching says it’s all duality and polarity.<ul><li>If I say I’m happy, that means I was sad at some point.</li><li>Every positive thought even has a seed of a negative thought within it and vice versa, which is why a lot of greatness in life comes out of suffering.</li><li>You have to view the negative before you can aspire to and appreciate the positive.</li></ul>

Duality And Polarity 

<ul><li>The world just reflects your own feelings back at you.</li><li>Reality is neutral. Reality has no judgments.</li><li>To a tree, there is no concept of right or wrong, good or bad. You’re born, you have a whole set of sensory experiences and stimulations (lights, colors, and sounds), and then you die.</li><li>How you choose to interpret them is up to you—you have that choice. This is what I mean when I say happiness is a choice.</li></ul>

Happiness Is A Choice

<ul><li>Happiness is what’s there when you remove the sense that something is missing in your life.</li><li>Real happiness only comes as a side-effect of peace. Most of it is going to come from acceptance, not from changing your external environment.</li><li>Happiness, love, and passion…aren’t things you find—they’re choices you make.</li><li>A lot of our unhappiness comes from comparing things from the past to the present.</li><li>The anxiety is just a series of running thoughts.</li></ul>

Acceptance 

<ul><li>A happy person isn’t someone who’s happy all the time. It’s someone who effortlessly interprets events in such a way that they don’t lose their innate peace.</li><li>I think the most common mistake for humanity is believing you’re going to be made happy because of some external circumstance.</li><li>Desire is a contract you make with yourself to be unhappy until you get what you want.</li></ul>

Desire Is Suffering

<ul><li>The enemy of peace of mind is expectations drilled into you by society and other people.</li><li>Jealousy, It’s such a poisonous emotion because, at the end of the day, you’re no better off with jealous. You’re unhappier, and the person you’re jealous of is still successful or good-looking or whatever they are.</li><li>When working, surround yourself with people more successful than you. When playing, surround yourself with people happier than you.</li></ul>

Expectations, Jealousy And Happiness 

<ul><li>If you’re present, you’ll realize how many gifts and how much abundance there is around us at all times.</li><li>First, you know it. Then, you understand it. Then, you can explain it. Then, you can feel it. Finally, you are it.</li><li>At the end of the day, you are a combination of your habits and the people who you spend the most time with.</li><li>World’s simplest diet: The more processed the food, the less one should consume.</li><li>Too much sugar leads to a heavy body, and too many distractions lead to a heavy mind.</li></ul>

“Stop asking why and start saying wow.”

<ul><li>In any situation in life, you always have three choices: you can change it, you can accept it, or you can leave it.</li><li>If you want to change it, then it is a desire. It will cause you suffering until you successfully change it. So don’t pick too many of those. Pick one big desire in your life at any given time to give yourself purpose and motivation.</li><li>It is much more about understanding than purely hard work. Yes, hard work matters. But it has to be directed in the right way.</li></ul>

Hard Work In Right Direction. 

<ul><li>Brain works better</li><li>Exercise & sunlight</li><li>Shorter, less pleasantries</li><li>More dialogue, less monologue</li><li>No slides</li><li>End easily by walking back</li></ul>“I don’t have time” is just another way of saying “It’s not a priority.”

Benefits Of Walking meetings: 

<ul><li>Relaxed breathing tells your body you’re safe. Then, your forebrain doesn’t need as many resources as it normally does. Now, the extra energy can reroute those resources to the rest of your body.</li><li>If you stop talking to yourself for even ten minutes, if you stop obsessing over your own story, you’ll realize we are really far up <a href="https://dsta.sh/EYGwMFQ3tUQoVo236">Maslow’s hierarchy of needs</a> and life is pretty good.</li></ul>

Relaxed Breathing

“All of man’s troubles arise because he cannot sit in a room quietly by himself.”

<ul><li>Don’t spend your time making other people happy. Other people being happy is their problem. It’s not your problem. If you are happy, it makes other people happy.</li><li>Anger is a loss of control over the situation.</li><li>Anger is a contract you make with yourself to be in physical and mental and emotional turmoil until reality changes.</li><li>Wisdom- Understanding the long-term consequences of your actions.</li></ul>

Anger 🤬

...when you’re thirty, what advice would you give your twenty-year-old self? And when you’re forty, what advice would you give your thirty-year-old self? (Maybe if you’re younger, you can do it by every five years.)

Ask Yourself, 

Naval ravikant is an icon in silicon valley & startup culture. He founded multiple successful companies Epinions, angellist. He is also an angel investor, betting early on companies like Uber, Twitter, postmates and hundred more….

GETTING RICH IS NOT JUST ABOUT LUCK; HAPPINESS IS NOT JUST A TRAIT WE ARE BORN WITH. These aspirations may seem out of reach, but building wealth and being happy are skills we can learn. So what are these skills, and how do we learn them? What are the principles that should guide our efforts? What does progress really look like? Naval Ravikant is an entrepreneur, philosopher, and investor who has captivated the world with his principles for building wealth and creating long-term happiness. The Almanack of Naval Ravikant is a collection of Naval's wisdom and experience from the last ten years, shared as a curation of his most insightful interviews and poignant reflections. This isn't a how-to book, or a step-by-step gimmick. Instead, through Naval's own words, you will learn how to walk your own unique path toward a happier, wealthier life.

Sapiens

Six Not-So-Easy Pieces

Six Easy Pieces

The Almanack Of Naval Ravikant

What If?

Prince Rahul