Indonesian Constitution 1945 stated that the rights to a clean and healthy environment fall on country responsibility, to which I can conclude that environment is a thing that we have- a right.

Environment

According to the ecocentrism theory, environment is not a right, it is placed horizontal with human- an integral part of life.

Does Environment A Right?

Environment, nature cannot be seen as a right for it bears an important relationship to life as humans do.

L. J. Apeldoorn said that law subject have some important conditions to be met, one of those is competent to take a responsible act- competent of law; law competence. On contrary, Peter Mahmud Marzuki claim that a subject of law is not necessarily a human, for if it can met the conditions of a law subject then it can be given the status of legal subject but not as natural subject but as a derivative legal subject e.g. corporate etc.

Environment as Subject of Law

Ecuador constitution state that environment is a subject of law, furthermore it adds that everyone (without limiting their nationality etc.) can contest in court if he find out and prove that there are violation regarding environment- nature.

Constitution of Ecuador 2008

Venture enough to the future to save our children's tomorrow.

philosophy

Philosophy

education

Learning & Education

politics

Politics

artsandculture

Society, Arts & Culture

scienceandnature

Science & Nature

Environmental Law

Ecocentrism is a theory which aims to push away the anthropocene politic- anthropocentrism.

Explained

While it pushes away anthropocentrism, doesn't mean ecocentrism is anti-human, it sees the environment had the same position as human, as an integral part of life.

Held

To acquire ecocentrism, one must venture through ecological politicism, harmonization of most policies is a must.

Finish

Ecocentrism by far is the most difficult theory to understand for we had live in an anthropocene world for an untold amount of time.

writing

Reading & Writing

Ecocentrism

Whenever someone else blames or hates you . . ., approach their souls, penetrate inside and see what sort of people they are. You will see that you shouldn’t torment yourself so that they should think in a certain way about you.you must, however, think kindly of them, for by nature they are friends﻿

“I am leaving a world in which even my companions, for whom I struggled, prayed and worried so much, wish me gone, hoping for some relief thereby.”

To Depart or Dying.

Little then is each man’s life and little the corner of the earth he
 lives in, and little even the longest survival of his fame with posterity, and that too
 passed on through a succession of poor mortals, each one of them soon to die, with
 no knowledge of themselves even, let alone of a man who has died long ago

How many a Chrysippus, how many a Socrates, how
 many an Epictetus has eternity already devoured

Philosophy Knows No Bound

‘Turn inwards to your own self whenever you blame a traitor or an ungrateful person, for it is clearly your own fault, if you trusted such a man to keep loyal.’

Reflection on Treachery

Marcus Aurelius, the philosopher-emperor who ruled the Roman Empire between AD 161 and 180, is one of the best recorded individuals from antiquity. Even his face became more than usually familiar: the imperial coinage displayed his portrait for over 40 years, from the clean-shaven young heir of Antonius to the war-weary, heavily bearded ruler who died at his post in his late fifties. His correspondence with his tutor Fronto, and even more the private notebook he kept for his last ten years, the Meditations, provides a unique series of vivid and revealing glimpses into the character and peoccupations of this emporer who spent many years in terrible wars against northern tribes. In this accessible and scholarly study, Professor Birley paints a portrait of an emporer who was human and just - an embodiment of the pagan virtues of Rome.

religionandspirituality

Religion & Spirituality

history

History

books

Books

Anthony R Birley

Marcus Aurelius

Constitution both empowers and limits government; it creates a framework for government, but also limits the exercise of governing authority by protecting individual rights.

Why Constitution?

Whereas legislative enactments can be modified by another statute, the Constitution can be amended only by a much more claborate and difficult procedure.

Constitution: Unique & Difficult-to-change

One of the major function of the Constitution is to protect individual liberties. Alhough this is popularly regarded as the Constitution's most significant goal, there are few parts of the Constitution, apart from the Bill of Rights, i.e. pertain to individual rights.

Individual Liberties

The Constitution divides power vertically between the federal and state governmnents. "Federalism" is the term often used to refer to this vertical division of authority. The federalist structure of the government is much less apparent from the text of the Constitution than is the separation of powers.

American Constitution

Brief knowledge on constitutional matter.

Relied on by students, professors, and practitioners, Erwin Chemerinsky’s popular treatise clearly states the law and identifies the underlying policy issues in each area of constitutional law. Thorough coverage of the topic makes it appropriate for both beginning and advanced courses. New to the 7th Edition: Discussion of many new cases, including: Allen v. Cooper; American Legion v. American Humanist Association.; Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta; California v. Texas; Calvary Chapel Dayton Valley v. Sisolak; Campbell-Ewald v. Gomez; Carr v. Saul; Carson v. Makin; Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid; Central Virginia Community College v. Katz; City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising; Collins v. Yellen; Davis v. Bandemer; Dept. of Commerce v. New York; Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization; Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue; Franchise Tax Board v. Hyatt; Fulton v. City of Philadelphia; Gundy v. U.S.; June Medical Services LLC v. Russo; Kennedy v. Bremerton School District; Knick v. Township of Scott, Pennsylvania; Lamone v. Benisek; Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.; Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck; Merrill v. Milligan; New York Rifle and Pistol Association. v. Bruen; New York State Rifle and Pistol Association., Inc. v. City of New York, NY; Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru; PennEast Pipeline Co. v. New Jersey; Ramos v. Louisiana; Republican National Committee v. Democratic National Committee; Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo; Rucho v. Common Cause; Seila Law LLC v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau; Siegel v. Fitzgerald; Shurtleff v. City of Boston; South Bay Pentecostal Church v. Newsom; Tandon v. Newsom; Tennessee Wine &amp; Spirits Retailers Association. v. Thomas; Timbs v. Indiana; Torres v. Texas Dept. of Public Safety; TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez; Trump v. Hawaii; Trump v. Mazars USA, LLP; Trump v. Vance; U.S. v. Arthrex, Inc.; U.S. v. Sanchez-Gomez; U.S. v. Washington; Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski; Veith v. Jubelirer; West Virginia v. EPA; and Whole Woman’s Health v. Jackson Benefits for instructors and students: Renowned authorship Examination of black-letter law and all the myriad issues of constitutional interpretation with unrivaled thoroughness and lucidity Excellent historical overview of the creation and ratification of constitution, examining the existential question of why we have a constitution

Erwin Chemerinsky

Constitutional Law

Both kinds of reasoning seem to meet the requirements of practical reason, διάνοια πρακτική. Practical reason is evoked in a number of passages from Ethics,
 De anima, Metaphysics, and Politics. In Eth. eud. (1216b35–1217a10) it is significantly described as “architectonic” thinking. This means that practical reason
 does not freely speculate on any subject, but thinks with a view to an end, which
 represents the aim of all the stages of the reasoning process.

Deliberation & the Practical  Syllogism

Deliberation is a “calculating” (λογιστική) operation by which we try to understand what actions have a direct or indirect relationship with the end, e.g. what actions have a certain end as their effect, or produce the best conditions for achieving the end. Aristotle’s remark that not only deliberation, but also choice is of the “means” to an end, rather than of the end itself, is significant: since choice is deliberated desire, it shows that the desire for a certain end is transmitted to the conditions useful for achieving that end

Deliberation, Defined.

Aristotle’s stance seems to be fairly clear: deliberation is a reasoning about what is useful for achieving an end: τὰ πρὸς τὸ τέλος. The end, therefore, is the necessary starting-point of deliberation, not its object. Hence, the decision, or rather the choice (προαίρεσις), that forms the conclusion of a deliberation is
 the choice of what has been deliberated because it has turned out to be useful
 for achieving the end.

Deliberation: Object

Practical syllogism is the logical translation of the psychological unfolding of an action:"...To syllogize in action is to apply a rule of the form ‘such and such a man should act in such and such ways’ with a view to realizing an end and ultimately, no doubt, the supreme end, happiness. But I am not implying that all the rules which Aristotle might admit as major premisses are in fact rules which prescribe means to ends"

Practical Syllogism, Alan's

M. Nussbaum openly subscribes to the idea that deliberation is about the
 components of the notion of the end, not just the extrinsic means to it. Hence,
 she regards the notion of rule as having a somewhat “instrumental” value. Yet a
 rule does not coincide entirely with the general norm of which the deliberated
 action is an instance. A rule sometimes corresponds to an action we choose and
 perform with a view to a certain end, and whose performing reflects a habit of
 our character

M. Nussbaum POV on Deliberation

We may choose one action over another because it counts as an instance of courage and is thus a component of the good life for us.

They desire in act just the ultimate end, the common good, and consider the ends for the sake of which they prescribe as the intermediate stages and instrumental conditions in view of the ultimate end.

The focus of Aristotle on Prescription is Aristotle’s reflections on rule-making. It is widely believed that Aristotle was only concerned with decision-making, understood as a deliberative process enabling a person to arrive at particular, contingent decisions. However, rule-making is fundamental to Aristotle’s ethical texts. Establishing rules means indicating patterns for action that are sufficiently specific to meet situational difficulties and sufficiently constant in time to provide us with a code of behaviour to be used in similar situations. When we prescribe rules, we demonstrate the ability to direct not only our own life but also other people’s lives. Alesse’s book explores Aristotle’s deep reflections on the nature and functions of prescription, and on the relationship between rules and individual decisions.

Francesca Alesse

Aristotle on Prescription

In his article entitled, ‘The Sound of Silence: Constitutional Law Without a Constitution’ (1994) Law Quarterly Review, Sir Stephen Sedley notes , that it can be claimed:
"...in this country we have constitutional law without having a constitution, not because our constitution is unwritten but because our constitutional law, historically at least, is merely descriptive: it offers an account of how the country has come to be governed."

Do We Need Written Constitution?

Nolan LJ in M v Home Office (1992), that:"...the proper constitutional relationship of the executive with the courts is that the courts will respect all acts of the executive within its legal province, and that the executive will respect all decisions of the courts as to what its lawful province is."

Dynamic and Evolving Constitution

In The Rule of Law in Britain Today (1989) the Constitutional Reform Centre noted that:"Dicey held it to be essential to the rule of law that public authorities should be subject to the same law as the ordinary citizen, administered in the ordinary courts, and many of the European systems of law (based on the Roman law tradition) failed the test in giving the State a special position in law"

Rule of Law

The concept of the separation of powers also seeks to attain this purpose by segregating both the functions and personnel of the three branches of government: executive, legislature and judiciary.

Separation of Power

in 1978 the House of Commons Select Committee on Procedure concluded that:"...the balance of advantage between Parliament and government in the day to day working of the constitution is now weighted in favour of the government to a degree which arouses widespread anxiety and is inimical to the proper working of our parliamentary democracy"

Parliamentary Sovereignty

David Pannick QC noted in The Times, 1995:
 "judges are well aware of the constitutional reality that Parliament
 exercises very little control over the content of primary legislation,
 let alone delegated legislation or administrative decisions. Nor
 can Parliament realistically be expected to do so, given the growth
 in the business of government and in the number of discretionary
 powers conferred. Constitutional fictions are an unpersuasive
 basis for seeking to encourage judges to restrain themselves when
 they are asked to provide remedies for the victims of injustice or
 unfairness."

Judicial Review

The essence of a constitution in a nutshell.

The purpose of this book is to provide a clear and concise guide to the key elements of constitutional law. The books in the Cavendish Essential Series are intended as a revision aid for the law student, primarily at undergraduate level, but they will be helpful to any student studying law as part of their course. Australian Constitutional History; Outline of the Australian Constitutional System; The Commonwealth Parliament; The Judicial Branch and Separation of Powers; The Executive; State and Territory Constitutional Law; Express and Implied Rights; Interpreting the Commonwealth Constitution; Trade and Commerce; Corporations; External Affairs; Taxation, Grants and Expenditure; Defence; Excise Duties; Freedom of Inter-State Trade, Commerce and Intercourse; Inconsistency; Intergovernmental Immunities. High Court. Each chapter contains a discussion of the leading cases relevant to the particular topic, as well as a summary of the main points covered in the chapter.

Environmental Law

Ecocentrism

Marcus Aurelius

Constitutional Law

Aristotle on Prescription

Rangga Hotman Hasibuan