History Timelines of Events provide fast facts and information about famous events in history. <ul><li>Many historical events, such as detailed in the History of Medicine timeline, occurred during times of crisis or evolution or change. </li><li>Many of the famous World events as detailed in the History of Medicine timeline describe famous, critical, and major incidents. </li><li>The History of Medicine timeline provides fast information via timelines that highlight the key dates and major historical significance in a fast information format.</li></ul>

History of Medicine Timeline

<ul><li>500 BC Alcmaeon of Croton distinguished veins from arteries</li><li>460 BC Birth of Hippocrates, the Greek father of medicine begins the scientific study of medicine and prescribes a form of aspirin</li><li>300 BC Diocles wrote the first known anatomy book</li><li>280 BC Herophilus studies the nervous system</li></ul>

2600 BC The Egyptian Imhotep describes the diagnosis and treatment of 200 diseases

<ul><li>130 AD Birth of Galen. Greek physician to gladiators and Roman emperors</li><li>c60AD Pedanius Dioscorides writes De Materia Medica</li><li>1010 Avicenna writes The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine</li><li>1249 Roger Bacon invents spectacles</li><li>1489 Leonardo da Vinci dissects corpses</li><li>1543 Vesalius publishes findings on human anatomy in De Fabrica Corporis Humani</li><li>1590 Zacharius Jannssen invents the microscope</li><li>1796 Edward Jenner develops the process of vaccination for smallpox, the first vaccines for any disease</li></ul>

910 Persian physician Rhazes identifies smallpox

<ul><li>1628 William Harvey publishes An Anatomical Study of the Motion of the Heart and of the Blood in Animals which forms the basis for future research on blood vessels, arteries and the heart</li><li>1656 Sir Christopher Wren experiments with canine blood transfusions</li><li>1670 Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovers blood cells</li><li>1683 Anton van Leeuwenhoek observes bacteria</li><li>1701 Giacomo Pylarini gives the first smallpox inoculations</li><li>1747 James Lind publishes his Treatise of the Scurvy stating that citrus fruits prevent scurvy</li><li>1763 Claudius Aymand performs the first successful appendectomy</li></ul>

<ul><li>1818 James Blundell performs the first successful transfusion of human blood</li><li>1842 Crawford W. Long uses either as a general anesthetic</li><li>1844 Dr. Horace Wells uses nitrous oxide as an anesthetic</li><li>1846 William Morton, a dentist, is the first to publish the process of using anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide</li><li>1847 Ignaz Semmelweis discovers how to prevent the transmission of puerperal fever</li></ul>

1816 Rene Laennec invents the stethoscope

<ul><li>1849 Elizabeth Blackwell is the first woman to gain a medical degree from Geneva Medical College in New York</li><li>1857 Louis Pasteur identifies germs as clause of disease</li><li>1867 Joseph Lister develops the use of antiseptic surgical methods and publishes Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery</li><li>1870 Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur establish the germ theory of disease</li><li>1879 First vaccine developed for cholera</li><li>1881 First vaccine developed for anthrax by Louis Pasteur</li><li>1882 First vaccine for developed for rabies by Louis Pasteur</li></ul>

1853 Charles Gabriel Pravaz & Alexander Wood develop the syringe

<ul><li>1887 First contact lenses developed</li><li>1890 Emil von Behring discovers antitoxins and develops tetanus and diphtheria vaccines</li><li>1895 Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovers X-rays</li><li>1896 First vaccine developed for typhoid fever</li><li>1897 First vaccine developed for Bubonic plague</li><li>1899 Felix Hoffman develops aspirin</li></ul>

Koch discovers the TB bacillus

<ul><li>1901 Karl Landsteiner introduces the system to classify blood into A, B, AB, and O groups</li><li>1913 Dr. Paul Dudley White pioneers the use of the electrocardiograph - ECG</li><li>1921 Edward Mellanby discovers that lack of vitamin D in the diet causes rickets</li><li>Earle Dickson invented the Band-Aid</li><li>1922 Insulin first used to treat diabetes</li><li>1923 First vaccine developed for diphtheria</li><li>1926 First vaccine developed for whooping cough</li><li>1927 First vaccine developed for tuberculosis</li></ul>

<ul><li>1935 First vaccine developed for yellow fever</li><li>Percy Lavon Julian synthesized the medicines physostigmine for glaucoma and cortisone for rheumatoid arthritis</li><li>1937 First vaccine developed for typhus</li><li>Bernard Fantus pioneers the use of the first blood bank in Chicago</li><li>1942 Doctor Karl Theodore Dussik publishes the first paper on medical ultrasonic - ultrasound</li><li>1943 Selman A. Waksman discovers the antibiotic streptomycin</li><li>1945 First vaccine developed for influenza</li><li>1950 John Hopps invented the first cardiac pacemaker</li></ul>

1928 Sir Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin

<ul><li>1952 Paul Zoll develops the first cardiac pacemaker</li><li>Jonas Salk develops the first polio vaccine</li><li>1953 James Watson and Francis Crick work on the structure of the DNA molecule</li><li>1954 Gertrude Elion patented a leukemia-fighting drug</li><li>Dr. Joseph E. Murray performs the first kidney transplant</li></ul>

Rosalind Franklin uses X-ray diffraction to study the structure of DNA

<ul><li>1955 Jonas Salk develops the first polio vaccine</li><li>1963 Thomas Fogarty invented the balloon embolectomy catheter</li><li>1967 First vaccine developed for mumps</li><li>Dr. Christian Bernard performs the first human heart transplant</li><li>1970 First vaccine developed for rubella</li><li>1974 First vaccine developed for chicken pox</li><li>1975 Robert S. Ledley invents CAT-Scans</li><li>1977 First vaccine developed for pneumonia</li><li>1978 First test-tube baby is born</li><li>First vaccine developed for meningitis</li></ul>

1964 First vaccine developed for measles

<ul><li>1981 First vaccine developed for hepatitis B</li><li>1983 HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is identified</li><li>1984 Alec Jeffreys devises a genetic fingerprinting method</li><li>1985 Willem J. Kolff invented the artificial kidney dialysis machine</li><li>1992 First vaccine developed for hepatitis A</li><li>1996 Dolly the sheep becomes the first clone</li><li>2006 First vaccine to target a cause of cancer</li></ul>

1980 Smallpox is eradicated

scienceandnature

Science & Nature

Austrian Karl Benz invented the first true automobile in the 19th century.It was powered by an internal combustion engine and had three wheels.

1886 – The first car is invented 

Explore the history of car technology and how it has transformed the way we drive. We’ve put together a timeline showing the evolution of car tech, from the first car to ever be invented to a raft of post-war technology including safety features and electric systems.

TIMELINE INFOGRAPHIC: A HISTORY OF CAR TECHNOLOGY

<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">1886 – The first car is invented</li><li class="ql-align-justify">1908 – Ford produced Model T</li><li class="ql-align-justify">1911 – Electric ignition starters</li><li class="ql-align-justify">1921 – Cigarette lighters</li><li class="ql-align-justify">1930 – Car radio</li><li class="ql-align-justify">1934 – Coil spring suspension</li><li class="ql-align-justify">1949 - Car keys</li><li class="ql-align-justify">1951 – Power steering</li><li class="ql-align-justify">1953 – Air conditioning</li><li class="ql-align-justify">1958 – Cruise control</li><li class="ql-align-justify">1959 – Seatbelts</li><li class="ql-align-justify">1960s – Electric windows</li><li class="ql-align-justify">1969 – Intermittent windshield wipers</li><li>1970s – Cassette tape stereos</li><li>1971 – ABS technology</li></ul>

The timeline infographic: 1886 to 1971

<ul><li>1973 – Catalytic converter</li><li>1974 - Digital dashboard displays</li><li>1984 – CD players</li><li>1988 – Airbags</li><li>1992 – Electromagnetic parking sensors</li><li>1994 – On-board diagnostics</li><li>1996 – Connected cars</li><li>2000 – GPS sat nav</li><li>2000 – Hybrid cars</li><li>2001 – Bluetooth</li><li>2002 – Reversing camera</li><li>2003 – Automatic parking</li><li>2010s – Driver assist features</li><li>2014 – Tesla autopilot</li><li>2014 – 4G wi-fi hotspots</li><li>2020 - Self-driving cars</li></ul>

The timeline infographic: 1973 to 2020

Ford’s Model T was the world’s first car produced by assembly line. This great leap in technology made the car much cheaper and therefore more widely affordable.Its 20 horsepower petrol engine could reach speeds of 45mph, which was still slower than the galloping horses of the day.

1908 – Ford produced Model T 

Electric ignition starters were invented to replace manual hand cranks and to start the engine with a button instead. Hand cranks were considered to be dangerous because the engine could jump as the car started, occasionally injuring the driver.The first electric starter was used on a Cadillac in 1912 and they were soon widely adopted.

1911 – Electric ignition starters

Wireless cigarette lighters had a removable component that was heated by electricity. By 1925 they were standard in most American cars.Today cigarette lighters have fallen out of fashion, but we still have the sockets to plug in electric gadgets, like sat navs.

1921 – Cigarette lighters 

The first car stereo was created in 1930 in monophonic AM frequency.For the first time, driving could be set to music, though it would be another 22 years before the first radio capable of receiving FM frequency was added to a car, in 1952.

1930 – Car radio

Many carmakers began looking at ways to make driving more comfortable, and they landed on coil spring suspension. Each wheel (initially just the front two) was given its own metal coil spring, which compresses itself to absorb the shock you feel when driving over bumps in the road. This made for a much smoother, relaxing ride.

1934 – Coil spring suspension

Looking for a better way to get the car running, Chrysler invented a technology to start both the electric starter and the ignition.It placed this power inside a key and soon everyone was using one.

1949 - Car keys

Power steering technology uses hydraulic power to amplify the pressure on the wheels as you as you turn the steering wheel, saving you so much elbow grease. Power steering first appeared on a Chrysler Imperial and then in a Cadillac a year later.

1951 – Power steering

The Chrysler Imperial was the first production car to have <a href="https://www.jardinemotors.co.uk/servicing-and-parts/air-conditioning-maintenance/">air conditioning </a> as an option. It came with three settings: low, medium and high. The following year, the Nash “Integrated” system offered front end heating, ventilation and air conditioning, making driving a much more pleasurable experience in the summer.

1953 – Air conditioning

Cruise control is a system developed to allow the driver to maintain a constant speed without the use of the accelerator.The system made steady driving easier, especially on motorways. It was first used in another Chrysler Imperial and by 1960 it was a standard feature on all Cadillacs too.

1958 – Cruise control

The modern three-pin seatbelt was invented by Nils Bohlin, Volvo’s first safety engineer. Volvo decided to give away the patent to other carmakers for free, knowing it would save lives.It was compulsory for carmakers to fit seatbelts in the UK from 1965, but only compulsory to wear them in the front seats from 1983. Wearing a seatbelt became compulsory for all children from 1989 and for back seat passengers from 1991.

1959 – Seatbelts

The smooth buzz of rolling down an electric window was originally only available on luxury models,and it was usually an optional extra on most cars until quite recently. But eventually winding down your car windows became a thing of the past.

1960s – Electric windows

Until this point, windscreen wipers had only had one speed, no matter the weather. Ford changed this to adjust the speed.

1969 – Intermittent windshield wipers

In the 1970s, carmakers began adding stereos that could play the latest cassette tape technology. Now drivers could blast out their favourite Led Zeppelin albums from their cars!

1970s – Cassette tape stereos

ABS or Anti-Lock Braking System, is a clever technology that stops the wheels locking up during sharp braking, preventing skidding.It was originally used on trains and Concorde aircraft, before being adapted for a Chrysler Imperial.

1971 – ABS technology

This technology was designed to clean up polluting exhaust fumes by reducing toxic emissions created by the engine. Catalytic converters became compulsory in petrol cars from 1993.

1973 – Catalytic converter

Move over analogue dials! The first digital dashboard display appeared in an <a href="https://www.jardinemotors.co.uk/aston-martin/">Aston Martin </a> Lagonda. It included trip computers, speed and temperature readings and fuel economy measures. However, digital dashboards weren’t that popular with drivers at the time, and most cars today still use an analogue speedometer alongside the digital displays.

1974 – Digital dashboard displays

Technology called CDX-1 became the first car CD player, eventually supplanting cassette tapes, which had become old technology.

1984 – CD players

Previous iterations of airbags were installed in US government cars from the 1970s, but in 1988 Chrysler introduced the first production airbag.Originally they were just for drivers, but today airbag technology can be placed all around the car to protect all passengers.

1988 – Airbags

Electromagnetic parking sensors alert you to hazards when parking.They were “re-invented” from previous technology that hadn’t taken off in the 1970s.

1992 – Electromagnetic parking sensors

Ford first created computer diagnostics for its factory line in the 1980s. But over time the built-in 16-pin connector became essential for all carmakers because it also gave garage mechanics access to key information about the car for repairs. On-board diagnostics connections became compulsory in America in 1996 and Europe in 2001.

1994 – On-board diagnostics

General Motors launched connected cars with its OnStar system, which used your mobile phone to call 911 in an accident.Today the technology links with the phones’ GPS location to guide the emergency services straight to the car.

1996 – Connected cars

There were versions of GPS sat nav systems built in from the early 90s, but the US military added interference to the signals as they guarded the technology closely. In 2000, US President Bill Clinton ordered the military to stop scrambling GPS signals and open the technology up to everyone. Sat navs were quickly developed, though it was several more years before they were more accurate.

2000 – GPS sat nav

Adding a hybrid motor to a petrol engine was first dreamed up in the 19th century, but the idea was deemed unworkable. <a href="https://www.jardinemotors.co.uk/toyota/">Toyota </a>picked it up again at the turn of the century and invented the Prius, taking the world by storm. Today every carmaker is working on <a href="https://www.jardinemotors.co.uk/used-cars/hybrid/">hybrid cars</a>.

2000 – Hybrid cars

The first hands-free bluetooth kit appeared in 2001. Later that year, an even better bluetooth technology came out that worked with speech recognition. These days bluetooth is integrated with the cars’ infotainment system.

2001 – Bluetooth

This technology has prevented many a reversing mishap. Little cameras stream live footage of the area behind the car as you reverse. The technology was first used outside of America in a Nissan Primera.

2002 – Reversing camera

Toyota was first to launch this tech with its Intelligent Parking Assist that helped drivers parallel park.In 2006, <a href="https://www.jardinemotors.co.uk/lexus/">Lexus </a>added a self-parking system to the LS model. Automatic parking is now available on many new cars.

2003 – Automatic parking

Dozens of automatic technology features have been developed to assist the driver. Common examples include, lane departure warnings, blind spot warnings, cross traffic alerts and headlamp high beam control.Carmakers have also begun adding smartphone integration, with many producing apps so you can find your car via GPS, and remotely lock the car and check its fuel levels.

2010s – Driver assist features

Elon Musk was the first to offer autopilot technology on the Model S.It’s the first commercially available driver assistance that can steer the car and even change lanes on the motorway.

2014 – Tesla autopilot

This new technology can turn your car into a travelling 4G router, meaning passengers can use it to connect smart devices to the Internet.

2014 – 4G wi-fi hotspots

2020 is the projected release date of Google’s self-driving car, the Waymo.It completed its first driverless ride on public roads in 2015 in Austin Texas with a blind man behind the wheel.

2020 - Self-driving cars

Gesture controls Forget touchscreen – carmakers are already working on making displays that respond to gesture control.Biometric access Sorry 1949, but one day car keys might be a thing of the past! Carmakers are working on technology to let you unlock and start your car with your fingerprint.Windscreen displays Soon all the information you need about the car could be displayed on smart glass in the windscreen.

Bonus: CAR TECHNOLOGY IN THE FUTURE

Explore our timeline infographic tracking every development in the history of car technology, from the first car ever invented to the internet age & beyond.

history

History

technologyandthefuture

Technology & The Future

The History of Car Technology

Money is a WIDELY ACCEPTED medium of EXCHANGE. Lets analyse each word, they really have a huge importance:<ul><li>Widely: it has to be accepted by many people, otherwise it can’t work.</li><li>Accepted: It has to be accepted by all these people, which means we need to have some sort of agreement that we will all accept it.</li><li>Exchange: Now that everyone accepts it, we also agree that it has some sort of value and we can exchange it for certain things.</li></ul>

What is money?

The reason money is valuable is because we all have FAITH in it, and this faith is operating in present and future times.Think about it, the reason we believe in money is because we know that if we save some amount of it, we can use it in the future to buy something as this money will still have value, right?

Why is money valuable?

Countries currencies used to be backed by gold long ago, nowadays they’re only backed by governmental policy so we could agree that:<ul><li>Good government equals to: good monetary policy and valuable currency</li><li>Bad Government equals to: bad monetary policy and currency losing value</li><li>Communist dictatorship equals to: no policy, just theft and the country’s currency becomes worthless and destroyed</li></ul>

Countries currencies used to be backed by gold long ago

In case you’re not familiar, this is the timeline of history we’ll be using.<ul><li>BC stands for: Before Christ</li><li>AD stands for: Anno Domini</li></ul>It can get a little confusing because everyone is writing different timelines, using different codes and letters, so we want to keep a simple standard for our article.

The Timeline we’ll use for the History of money

Bartering is the act of exchanging goods or services without using money, so an example would be: give me 2 arrows and I’ll give you a cow.Despite the fact that a lot of sources claim that Barter was the first way in which we conducted economical transactions, there is no clear evidence that this was the case and let’s analyse why:

Barter and Gift Economies - 9000 B.C

In several places around the world commodity money was gaining traction, now, what do we mean by this?Well, commodity money are objects that are valuable by themselves and are also valuable when using them as money.

Bronze Age - Commodity Money - 3000 B.C

One of the most interesting parts about this segment of history is that the Babylonian civilisation was already implementing some primitive economic systems where they had contracts, laws, rules of private property and debt.It was only a matter of time until a universally defined medium of exchange came into play.

The Babylonian civilisation

Around the year 1100 B.C in certain parts of China miniature bronze replicas of goods were being used, so if you had wanted to get a sword, you would have likely needed to have a miniature bronze sword as the equivalent currency to get one.Bear in mind that the fact that miniature replicas were being used as currency in China, that doesn’t mean that coins didn’t exist already in some places, they were just not official means of exchange yet.

Chinese Miniature Replicas - Around 1100 B.C

Around 600 B.C King Alyattes minted what would become the first official currency ever recorded.Each coin was made from electrum alloy which is a mixture of silver and gold.A very fun thing that we never managed to understand is, why lions were sculpted or depicted with two possible faces: <ul><li>Concerned as if they had problems</li><li>Cold as if they were a cartoon freezing</li></ul>

The First Official Currency - Lydian Lion Around 600 B.C

Around 700 A.D during the Tang Dynasty in China there were already some forms of paper money like bills and credit notes. The Government realised that it was far more convenient to use credit notes to conduct transactions instead of carrying a whole load of coins.

The First Paper Money - Around 700 A.D

Paper money arrived in Europe thanks to the travels of the great explorer Marco Polo around the year 1200 A.D.It was not until the year 1661 that the first Banknote was issued in Sweden.

Europe - Paper money

The term "Dollar" already existed before the U.S adopted it as its official currency name. It was very common during the colonial period when referring to the Spanish Real coin.In the year 1775 the Continental Congress of the United States authorised the issuance of Continental currency but it wasn't until the Coinage act of April 2, 1792 that an official monetary system was defined and the U.S dollar came to life as the official currency for the United States of America.

The Invention of the U.S Dollar - April 2, 1792

On March 3rd 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt closed all the banks in the U.S.A. Banks held large amounts of Gold which were backing all the available U.S dollars. At those times there was a fixed exchange rate between U.S dollars and Gold.Gold standard ended officially when president Richard Nixon on August 15 1971 announced that the U.S would no longer convert dollars to gold at a fixed value, that’s how the gold standard ended.Nowadays, fiat money is no longer dependent on gold but rather on governmental policy.

End of the Gold Standard - March 3, 1933 - August 15, 1971

The creator of the first bank issued card was Mr. John Biggins of the Flatbush National Bank of Brooklyn in New York around 1946.Biggins created the “Charge-It” program.  Merchants could send sales slips into the bank after a customer used the card with them and the bank would then go and bill the customer back.

The First Bank Issued Card - Around 1946

Frank Macnamara had an idea, to create a card that allowed you to dine in restaurants and the Diners Club would pay your bill and you would pay them later.The card was originally intended for a very small and exclusive group of 200 people belonging to the club, but the idea caught on fire and in less than a year there were more than 20.000 cardholders and you could use them pretty much everywhere.

Frank Macnamara and the Diners Club Card - Around 1950

In the 1990’s there were 2 different businesses known as confinity.com and x.com, both were diving into the online banking world separately through several innovative ideas.At some point both companies decided to merge and gave birth to Paypal, the online payments giant.Fun fact:  Elon Musk the founder of Tesla was the owner of x.com, as you can see, he’s always working on some great thing.

Paypal and Digital Money - Around 1990

Around 2009, a mysterious developer known by the Alias "Satoshi Nakamoto" created Bitcoin.Bitcoin grew with no official employees, no marketing and no investors to become the world’s largest digital currency.

Bitcoin and the Crypto Revolution - Around 2009

In terms of the history of money, Bitcoin is relevant because it presents the following changes:<ul><li>Fiat money is backed by governments, Bitcoin is decentralised and the power lies on the whole network, not one person that can make decisions.</li><li>Bitcoin gave anonymity to people who transact on the network.</li><li>The blockchain system became a way to perpetually store records that cannot be altered and are always publicly accessible.</li></ul>Thanks to these features, bitcoin took the world by surprise and proposed an interesting leap forward in technology.

Bitcoin

Money has come a long way, from gift economies to blockchain powered currencies running over the Internet, it’s all quite impressive.Humans are always looking for ways to improve systems, the reason people evolved from commodity money into miniature replicas, coins and then banknotes was to make transacting easier.

Conclusion

It’s up to us to sit down, try to think of what could be the next future steps for humanity so we can use this information to make decisions.If you’re an investor or trader in the stock market, then you know that if a particular company is providing certain technology that could be a game changer in the way we transact, then it’s time to look into that.Good luck and I/we hope you liked it!

Every time a new technology comes by, another one can go down.

<ul><li class="ql-align-justify"><a href="https://thetradingbible.com">https://thetradingbible.com</a></li><li class="ql-align-justify"><a href="https://www.uscurrency.gov/history">www.uscurrency.gov</a></li><li class="ql-align-justify"><a href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/fdr-takes-united-states-off-gold-standard#:~:text=The%20government%20held%20the%20%2435,completely%20abandoning%20the%20gold%20standard">www.history.com</a></li><li class="ql-align-justify"><a href="https://www.investopedia.com/articles/07/roots_of_money.asp">www.investopedia.com</a></li><li class="ql-align-justify"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_dollar#:~:text=The%20history%20of%20the%20United,country's%20standard%20unit%20of%20money.">www.wikipedia.com</a></li><li class="ql-align-justify"><a href="https://www.aier.org/article/the-gold-standard-fdr-and-the-recovery-of-1933/">www.aier.org</a></li></ul>

Sources

The History of Money has evolved from gift and barter economies into digital currencies. Let's dive together in a 10.000 years journey and follow the trail!

History of Medicine Timeline

The History of Car Technology

History of Money - Timeline of Monetary Evolution

TimeLine A-Z Evolution