21st Chromosome Trisomy due to non-meiotic dysjunction of a gamete. What is Trisomy? Usually, chromosomes are paired. 23 pairs and that is total of 46 chromosomes. Sometimes, due to non-dysjunction of a gamete, one might get an extra chromosome. That will sum up to 47 chromosomes. And hence called Trisomy. In Down's Syndrome, the extra chromosome is present on 21st pair.

What Is Down's Syndrome? 

Diagnosed intrauterine via Amniocentesis.<ul><li>Upslanting eyes</li><li>Flat face appearance</li><li>Small nose</li><li>Tongue heaviness</li><li>Small hands</li><li>Small ears</li><li>Others- sandle gap, oblique palpebral fissure</li></ul>Some may have intellectual regression, physical/motor delay.

Features To Diagnose

<ul><li>Hypotonia</li><li>Delayed milestones </li><li>Impaired balance</li><li>Associated with - Congenital Heart Disease, Visual and Hearing Impairment </li><li>High risk- Atlantoaxial subluxation due to lack of neck holding ability </li></ul>

Clinical Findings

Never let anyone get in the way of your inner dreams..

Multidisciplinary approach - <ul><li>Physiotherapy </li><li>Occupational therapy </li><li>Speech therapy </li><li>Special education </li><li>Optometrist, etc</li></ul>

Therapy

It's not our disabilities, it's our abilities that count..

<ol><li>Sania Khimji - Crowned Miss India in the special needs category in 2023.</li><li>Tommy Jessop - 1st actor with Down syndrome to play Hamlet.</li><li>Zack Gottsagen - 1st actor with Down syndrome to present an Oscar at the Academy Awards.</li><li>Grace Strobel - 1st American with Down syndrome to represent a major skincare brand.</li><li>Ellie Goldstein - 1st model with Down syndrome to appear in a campaign for Gucci, a luxury fashion brand.</li></ol>& More.. Takeaway - this is not a disorder which will limit you.. with right efforts, motivation and guidance climbing Mt Everest is also possible! ✨

Celebrities With Down's Syndrome

I have one chromosome more than you... So what?

health

Health

motivationandinspiration

Motivation & Inspiration

scienceandnature

Science & Nature

Down's Syndrome 

Syndrome where median nerve is compressed under the flexor retinaculum.

What Is It? 

<ol><li>Repeated activity of wrist, first 3 fingers (e.g- desk job/laptop usage where we rest our wrist on the edge of the table for years)</li><li>Inflammation at joint (RA, OA wrist)</li><li>Post trauma (Colle's fracture)</li><li>Hormones (Acromegaly)</li><li>Space Occupying Lesions at wrist (Tumor, Ganglion)</li><li>Unknown </li></ol>

What Are The Causes?

CTS progresses in 4 stages. <ul><li>Stage I - discomfort in wrist, first 3 fingers, morning stiffness.</li><li>Stage II - localised tingling pain, numbness.</li><li>Stage III - clumsy hand, loss of grip. </li><li>Stage IV - sensory loss along first 3 fingers, hand muscle atrophy/wasting.</li></ul>

Symptoms & Features 

<ol><li>Phalen's Test </li><li>Reverse Phalen's Test </li><li>Carpal Compression Test </li><li>NCV, EMG </li><li>Blood Test ( to rule out other affections</li></ol>

Tests For Diagnosis? 

It is important to understand that Surgical method is the last resort. It can be managed by just Physiotherapy! <ol><li>Physiotherapy - exercises, stretching</li><li>NSAIDs - for temporary pain relief</li><li>Steroid injection</li><li>Surgical decompression - slitting the flexor retinaculum.</li></ol>

How To Manage 

You don't need to wait for the symptoms to appear in order to manage the condition! Preventive measures are of more importance specially for those who have a desk job<ol><li>Timely break from typing/ laptop work</li><li>Correct, ergonomically appropriate desk, chair (the table height matters!) If you want add a cushioning to the edge of the table</li><li>Wrist exercises : rotations, flexion-extention(up-down movt), stretches regularly at work. </li><li>Equal amount of rest to our wrist and fingers is required as for our brain! </li></ol>

Prevention 

Do you wake with pins and needles and numbness at night in your hand?

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)

The rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendons that surround the shoulder joint.Muscles- Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Subscapularis, Teres minor. A rotator cuff injury can cause a dull ache. And restricts functional activities of shoulder joint like Flexion, abduction, rotations, etc.

Rotator Cuff Injury : Overview 

(CA Arch)Formed by- Coracoid Process, Acromion Process. Roof formed by- Coracoacromial Ligament.Contents under the arch- Rotator cuff tendons, subacromial bursa.

Rotator Cuff Injury : What Is Coracoacromial Arch?

1° Causes - Damage to components forming CA arch, damage to Rotator cuff tendons.E.g-<ol><li>bony defect in Acromion, Coracoid process hence causing impingement of tendons.</li><li>Injury/ tear of Coracoacromial Ligament.</li></ol> 2° Causes - Due to other external structures.i.e -<ol><li>Trauma- micro repetitive/ strong sudden causing ms tear.</li><li>Force Couple = Deltoid + Supraspinatus dysfunction (ms weakness)</li><li>Lateral Rotator weakness.</li><li>Joint capsule tightness.</li><li>Etc.</li></ol>

Rotator Cuff Injury : Causes

Extent of tear varies. To check for the same, Resisted Isometrics are done- <ol><li>Minor Tear - Painful, Strong ms contraction</li><li>Moderate Tear - Moderate pain, ROM is not complete/ weak ms contraction</li><li>Complete Tear - No pain, No ms contraction </li></ol>

Rotator Cuff Injury : Ms Tear

Every day going to clinical postings to learn more, about common orthopaedic issues. Treatment, protocols, assessments and so much more. Felt the need to make people aware of these. 

exerciseandfitness

Exercise & Fitness

Rotator Cuff Injury 

Parkinsonism is a disease that occurs when a person has symptoms and brain dysfunction commonly associated with Parkinson’s disease but also has other symptoms.A person with Parkinsonism will usually have another disorder causing additional neurological symptoms.<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">Parkinson's disease - Dysfunction and cell death of the portion of the brain that produces dopamine. </li><li class="ql-align-justify">Dopamine - Neurotransmitter that transmits signals between brain and nerve. It is partially responsible for making controlled movements in the body.</li></ul>

Parkinsonism: Introduction

A person with Parkinsonism usually starts developing symptoms at anywhere from <a href="http://www.utswmedicine.org/brain-spine/programs/parkinsonism/">50 to 80</a> years.<ul><li>difficulty showing facial expressions</li><li>muscle stiffness</li><li>slowed, affected movements</li><li>speech changes</li><li>tremor, especially of one hand</li></ul>* A person with Parkinsonism may have some, but not all of the above. Since they also have an additional disorder that affects the brain’s functioning.* For example, people with Parkinsonism often do not have the hand tremors that affect many people with Parkinson’s disease.

Parkinsonism: Symptoms

<ul><li>dementia.</li><li>issues with the autonomic nervous system, such as problems with controlled movements or spasms.</li><li>early problems in maintaining balance.</li><li>rapid onset and progression of symptoms.</li></ul>

Parkinsonism: Other Symptoms

<ol><li>Can be caused by Parkinson’s disease</li><li>Other-</li></ol><ul><li>Corticobasal degeneration :Causes dementia & affected movements,on one side. No controlled muscle movement</li><li>Dementia with Lewy bodies :Causes poor alertness,visual hallucinations</li><li>Multiple system atrophy :Affects coordination & autonomic dysfunction(bowel-bladder incontinence)</li><li>Progressive supranuclear palsy :Causes dementia, frequent backward fall</li></ul>3. Vascular Parkinsonism causes multiple, small strokes<a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7624.php"> </a>affecting person’s balance &memory4. Drug-induced Parkinsonism by Aripiprazole/Abilify, Haloperidol/Haldol & metoclopramide/Reglan

Parkinsonism: Causes

Being a medical field student, I feel it's necessary to make people aware of various problems.

Parkinsonism is a condition that causes some symptoms of Parkinson’s disease alongside those of another disorder. We also look at diagnosis and treatment.

Understand yourself and those around you.

psychology

Psychology

Parkinsonism: Symptoms, treatment, and diagnosis

Diabetes is when your body isn't able to take up sugar (glucose) into its cells and use it for energy. This results in a build up of extra sugar in your bloodstream.

What Is Diabetes Mellitus??

Insulin is a hormone made by pancreas.Pancreas release insulin into the bloodstream. Insulin allows glucose to enter body’s cells. Glucose provides the “fuel” or energy tissues and organs need to properly function.

"Key" Reason For Diabetes Mellitus..

<ul><li><a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17666-type-1-diabetes-in-children">Type 1 diabetes </a>: This is an autoimmune disease. Here, the insulin-producing cells(alpha cells) in pancreas are destroyed. Up to 10% of diabetics are Type 1. Usually diagnosed in children & young adults. Patients need to take insulin every day.(Insulin-dependent diabetes)</li><li><a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21501-type-2-diabetes">Type 2 diabetes: </a> Here, body either doesn’t make enough insulin or body’s cells don’t respond normally to insulin. It is most common type of diabetes. Up to 95% of diabetics are Type 2. Usually occurs in middle-aged & older people. Also called as Adult-onset diabetes & insulin-resistant diabetes. </li></ul>

Types Of Diabetes Mellitus

<ul><li>Increased thirst.</li><li>Weak, tired feeling.</li><li>Blurred vision.</li><li>Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet.</li><li>Slow-healing sores or cuts.</li><li>Unplanned weight loss.</li><li>Frequent urination.</li><li>Frequent unexplained infections.</li><li>Dry mouth.</li></ul>Other symptoms--<ul><li>In women: Dry and itchy skin, and frequent <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5019-yeast-infections">yeast infections </a>or <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9135-urinary-tract-infections">urinary tract infections </a>.</li><li>In men: Decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction, decreased muscle strength.</li></ul>

Symptoms..

This is a temporary type called as <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9012-gestational-diabetes">Gestational diabetes </a>This type develops in some women during their pregnancy. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after pregnancy. However, if you have gestational diabetes you're at higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later on in life.

Diabetes During Pregnancy..

<ul><li>Nerve damage (<a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14737-neuropathy">neuropathy </a>) that causes numbing and tingling that starts at toes or fingers then spreads.</li><li><a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15096-kidney-disease-chronic-kidney-disease">Kidney damage </a>(nephropathy) that can lead to <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17689-kidney-failure">kidney failure </a>or the need for <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/14618-dialysis">dialysis </a>or <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/4350-kidney-transplant-procedure">transplant </a>.</li><li>Eye damage (<a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8591-diabetic-retinopathy">retinopathy </a>) that can lead to blindness; <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8589-cataracts">cataracts </a>, <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4212-glaucoma">glaucoma </a>.</li><li><a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9492-diabetes-foot--skin-related-complications">Foot damage </a>including nerve damage, poor blood flow and poor healing of cuts and sores.</li><li>Skin infections.</li><li>Dental problems.</li></ul>In Gestational Diabetes--In mother: <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17952-preeclampsia">Preeclampsia </a> high blood pressure, excess protein in urine, leg/feet swelling.In newborn: Higher-than-normal birth weight, low blood sugar-<a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11647-hypoglycemia-low-blood-sugar">hypoglycemia</a>.

Complications..

<ul><li>Plan on what you eat and follow a healthy meal plan. Diets high in nutrition and fiber and low in fats and calories are helpful.</li><li><a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/7050-aerobic-exercise">Exercise regularly </a>. Try to exercise at least 30 minutes most days of the week. Walk, swim,etc.. activities that make us perspire should be done.</li><li><a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/17633-weight-management-tips">Lose weight </a>if you are overweight.</li><li>Take medication and insulin, if prescribed, and closely following recommendations on how and when to take it.</li><li>Monitor the blood glucose and <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/4014-blood-pressure-when--how-to-check-at-home">blood pressure levels</a> regularly with no falsified data.</li><li>Quit smoking and alcoholic beverages.</li></ul>

Measures To Keep A Check On Diabetes...

Diabetes happens when your body can’t take up sugar (glucose) into its cells to use as fuel. Too much glucose in your bloodstream can damage your body’s organs and tissues.

food

Food

Diabetes:  Types, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Tests, Treatments & Prevention

Organophosphate poisoning can be short- or long-term. It is usually due to the insecticides , fertilizers used on farms. Symptoms can occur within several minutes or hours of exposure.Mild exposure may cause:<ul><li>narrowed, pinpointed pupils</li><li>impaired, blurry vision</li><li>stinging eyes</li><li>runny nose</li><li>watery eyes</li><li>excess saliva</li><li>glassy eyes</li><li>headache</li><li>nausea</li><li>muscle weakness</li><li>muscle twitching</li><li>agitation</li><li>very narrowed pupils</li><li>confusion</li><li>agitation</li><li>convulsions</li><li>excessive body secretions like- sweat, saliva, mucus,tears</li><li>irregular heartbeat</li><li>collapse</li><li>respiratory depression or arrest</li><li>coma</li></ul>

Organophosphate Poisoning: Mild Exposure

Organophosphate poisoning can cause several serious complications. These include:<ul><li>metabolic disorders, such as hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and glycosuria (excess sugar in urine)</li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/type-2-diabetes/ketoacidosis">diabetic ketoacidosis </a>, in which your blood produces excess blood acids</li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pancreatitis">pancreatitis </a>, or inflammation of the pancreas</li><li>cancer</li><li>neurological problems, such as muscle weakness and twitching, poor concentration, poor memory, and <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/post-traumatic-stress-disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder </a></li><li>fertility problems</li></ul>Complications tend to become worse the longer and more intensely you are exposed to organophosphates.

Organophosphate Poisoning: Severe Exposure

<ol><li>Most people at-risk for unintentional organophosphate poisoning are who live or work on or near farms. </li><li>Organophosphate poisoning can happen by consuming contaminated food or water.</li></ol>The first goal of treating emergency cases is stabilization. Emergency care workers will:<ul><li>decontaminate your body to prevent further exposure</li><li>stabilize your breathing</li><li>use <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/intravenous-fluid-regulation">intravenous fluids </a>to flush your system of toxins</li></ul>In non-emergency cases, supportive therapy will be used. <ul><li>Close attention to breathing. As respiration is weakened by organophosphate exposure.</li></ul>

Organophosphate Poisoning: Risks and Steps to Cure

<ul><li>Doctors may administer -</li></ul><ol><li>Atropine to stabilize your breathing.</li><li>Pralidoxime, which can help relieve neuromuscular problems.</li><li> In severe cases, Benzodiazepine to prevent or stop seizures</li></ol><ul><li>If exposed to organophosphates in small doses and don’t need to be hospitalized,a low dose of atropine will be enough.</li><li>An injection of 10 mg diazepam is recommended for people exposed to chemical attacks of organophosphates.</li></ul>Organophosphate poisoning is a serious medical condition. Long, high-intensity exposures are the most concerning.Seek emergency treatment immediately if severe signs of poisoning.

Organophosphate Poisoning: Treatment & Drugs

Here's what you should know about organophosphate poisoning, including symptoms, how it's diagnosed, and treatment.

Organophosphate Poisoning: Symptoms, Treatment, and More

Phlebotomy is when someone uses a needle to take <a href="https://www.webmd.com/heart/anatomy-picture-of-blood">blood </a>from a vein, usually in your arm. *Also called a blood draw or venipuncture.Therapeutic Phlebotomy-<ul><li>Blood withdrawn as a treatment for certain medical conditions.</li><li>Removes extra red blood cells, unusually shaped red blood cells, or extra iron in the blood. </li><li>Therapeutic phlebotomy is used to treat people with:. 1)Hemochromatosis 2)Polycythemia<a href="https://www.webmd.com/cancer/polycythemia-vera"> vera</a> 3)Porphyria cutanea tarda 4)Sickle<a href="https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-sickle-cell-disease"> cell disease</a> 5)Nonalcoholic <a href="https://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/fatty-liver-disease">fatty liver disease</a></li></ul>

Phlebotomy: What is it?

Steps-<ol><li>Patient will sit in a chair or lie down.</li><li>Technician will ask patient to make a fist with his hand. </li><li>Then they’ll tie a band, called a tourniquet, around the upper arm. (This makes the veins pop out a little more, which will make it easier to insert the needle in the right place.)</li><li>Patient may feel a pinch or sting when the needle goes into the arm. </li><li>The needle is attached to a small tube that lets the blood flow into a test tube or bag.</li><li>The process usually takes just a few minutes.</li></ol>

Phlebotomy: What is done?

Phlebotomy is when someone uses a needle to take blood from your vein. It’s also called a blood draw or venipuncture. WebMD explains the process, risks, and side effects.

What Is Phlebotomy?

<ul><li>Also known as fallen arches,</li><li>No arch in feet or one that is very low.</li></ul>Usually, there is a gap beneath the inner part of the foot when a person stands, as the arch raises off the ground slightly.Flat feet only need treatment if- <ol><li>cause discomfort.</li><li> indicate an underlying disorder</li><li> lead to pain elsewhere in the body. </li></ol>*Some people appear to have a very low arch or no arch without ever experiencing problems.

Flat Foot: Introduction

The most common symptom of flat feet is pain in the feet. This can occur as a result of strained muscles and connecting ligaments.Abnormal stresses on the knee and hip may result in pain in these joints. These stresses are likely if the ankles turn inward.Major areas of pain-<ul><li>arch of the foot</li><li>calf</li><li>knee</li><li>hip</li><li>lower back</li><li>lower legs</li></ul>*Flat feet can also cause an uneven distribution of body weight. This may result in shoes wearing down unevenly or more quickly than usual, especially on one side, which can lead to further injuries.

Flat Foot: Symptoms

<ul><li>genetic factors, as flat feet can pass from parents to children in the genes</li><li>weak arches: arch is visible when a person sits but foot flattens onto the when standing</li><li>foot or ankle injury</li><li>damage, dysfunction, or rupture of the posterior tibial tendon</li><li>nervous system or muscle diseases, such as <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/152712.php">cerebral palsy </a>, <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/187618.php">muscular dystrophy </a>, or spina bifida</li></ul>Another condition is tarsal coalition. Causes the bones of the foot to fuse together unusually, resulting in stiff and flat feet.People are more likely to develop flat feet if they have <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/obesity/how-much-should-i-weigh.php">obesity </a>or <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/diabetes/">diabetes </a>. Flat feet are also common during pregnancy.

Flat Foot: Causes (pt 1)

<ul><li>Flat feet can develop with age too. Daily use of the feet can cause the posterior tibial tendon to weaken. This tendon is the primary support structure for the foot arch.</li><li>Flat feet can also occur as a result of a developmental fault that occurs during childhood or that develops with age or after pregnancy.</li><li>Children and infants may often appear to have flat feet.</li></ul>*Having feet that appear flat during early childhood does not mean that a person will always have flat feet.However, a child might have flat feet as a result of incorrect bone development or another condition, such as spina bifida.

Flat Foot: Causes (pt2)

<ol><li>People with flat feet who do not experience pain or other symptoms, do not require a consultation with a doctor.</li><li>However, anyone with the following symptoms should seek medical advice:</li></ol><ul><li>flat feet that have only developed recently.</li><li>pain in the feet, ankles, or lower limbs.</li><li>symptoms that do not improve with supportive, well-fitted shoes.</li><li>one or both feet becoming more flat</li><li>the feet feeling rigid, stiff, heavy, and unwieldy</li></ul>*Most qualified healthcare professionals can diagnose fallen arches by examining the feet and observing the individual as they stand and walk.

Flat Foot: When to consult?

<ol><li>Inspection of feet from the front and back.</li></ol>-The individual may need to stand on the tips of their toes to allow the doctor to examine the shape and function of each foot.e2. Medical history. In some cases, they may order an X-ray, <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/153201.php">CT scan </a>, or <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/146309.php">MRI scan </a>.3. Foot prints on a paper.-Inked sole imprinted on a white sheet, to check the visibility of the arches.*Podiatrist or physical therapist may recommend specific exercises to manage the symptoms of flat feet or prevent them from developing.

Flat Foot: Diagnosis

HEEL CORD STRETCHINGA tight Achilles tendon will encourage the foot to roll inward. The aim of <a href="http://patient.info/doctor/pes-planus-flat-feet">heel cord stretching </a>is to stretch the Achilles tendon and posterior calf muscles.<ul><li>Stand facing a wall and place one hand on the wall at eye level.</li><li>Place the leg that needs stretching approximately one step behind the other leg, and plant the heel firmly on the ground.</li><li>Bend the knee of the front leg until you feel a stretch in the back leg.</li><li>Hold for 30 seconds and then rest for 30 seconds. Repeat nine more times.</li><li>It is essential to avoid arching the back and to keep it straight.</li></ul>Perform it twice a day.

Flat Foot: Exercise (l)

THE GOLF BALL ROLLThis exercise requires a chair and a golf ball.<ol><li>Sit on the chair with your feet firmly on the ground. </li><li>Place the golf ball under the foot, and roll it forward and back under the arch of the foot for 2 minutes to stretch the plantar fascia ligaments.</li></ol>*Some people with flat feet may automatically align their limbs in a way that prevents symptoms. People who are not experiencing symptoms do not usually require treatment.

Flat Foot: Exercise (ll)

<ul><li>Fitted insoles and orthotics or custom-designed arch supports may relieve pressure on the arch and reduce pain if the feet roll too far inward. </li></ul>*However, these products only treat the symptoms and do not provide long-lasting benefits.<ul><li>Wearing an ankle brace may be beneficial until the <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248423.php">inflammation </a>reduces.</li><li>A person with arthritis or a ruptured tendon might find that a combination of an insole and pain relievers minimizes the symptoms. If these do not work, surgery may be necessary.</li><li>When obesity is the cause of flat feet, losing weight might improve the symptoms. Or surgical removal of excess fat.</li></ul>

Flat Foot: Other Ways to Tackle..

People with flat feet or fallen arches either have no arch or a very low arch under their foot. Flat feet tend to cause people to walk awkwardly, which can cause pain in the foot and other parts of the body. This article explores the causes, treatments, and complications with the help of a moving 3D image of the foot. 

Flat feet: Symptoms, exercises, diagnosis, and treatment

Normally, veins return blood from the rest of your body to your heart. The veins in legs have to work against gravity<ul><li>Varicose veins- May be caused by weakened valves (incompetent valves) within the veins that allow blood to pool in your veins instead of traveling to your heart</li><li>Spider veins- Thin, red lines/web like networks of blood vessels on the surface of the skin. A mild form of varicose veins</li></ul>Varicose veins are twisted, enlarged veins.Any superficial vein may become varicosedMost common site is legs. Due to standing & walking upright increases the pressure in veins of the lower body.

Varicose Veins

Signs, when No Pain-<ul><li>Veins are dark purple or blue in color</li><li>Appear twisted and bulging; they are often like cords on your legs</li></ul>Signs, when Pain felt-<ul><li>An achy or heavy feeling in your legs</li><li>Burning, throbbing, muscle cramping and swelling in your lower legs</li><li>Worsened pain after sitting or standing for a long time</li><li>Itching around one or more of your veins</li><li>Skin discoloration around a varicose vein</li></ul>*Spider veins are similar to varicose veins, but smaller. Found closer to the skin's surface & are often red/blue.They occur on legs, can also be found on the face. Vary in size and look like a spider's web.

Varicose Veins: Signs and Symptoms

Veins return blood from the body to the heart, so the blood can be recirculated. To return blood to your heart, the veins in your legs must work against gravity.Structural aspects in pumping the blood to heart-<ul><li>Muscle contractions in your lower legs act as pumps</li><li>Elastic vein walls help blood return to your heart</li><li>Tiny valves in your veins open as blood flows toward your heart then close to stop blood from flowing backward</li></ul>If Valves are weak/damaged, blood can flow backward & pool in the vein, causing the veins to stretch/twist.Hence leading to Buldging of veins & formation of spider veins.

Varicose Veins: Causes

Varicose veins - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic

Lipoma is a word that means, "fatty tumor," but, it's Not a Cancer. Its just growth of fat between the muscle layer & the skin above it.Exact cause is not known. The condition does run in families & is associated with other unusual syndromes.*Lipomas most often appear after age 40.Symptoms- Soft, easily moveable lump beneath the skin, about two inches across.A lipoma is painless unless, its irritating the nerves aroundMostly found on- back, neck,abdomen, sometimes arms & upper legsTreatment-<ul><li>Usually not necessary</li><li>Interfering other structures, can be removed via surgery or liposuction</li></ul>

Lipoma: Lumps in the upper arm?

Bumps on the upper arms are usually caused by common conditions such as skin cysts or pimples, though it's important to talk to your doctor to identify the cause and get the right treatment. Read more below to learn 9 possible causes of bumps on the upper arm.

Down's Syndrome

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)

Rotator Cuff Injury

Parkinsonism: Symptoms, treatment, and diagnosis

Diabetes: Types, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Tests, Treatments & Prevention

Vaidehi Watwe