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An earthquake is the shaking of the ground caused by the sudden release of energy in the form of waves called seismic waves. The location in the Earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter or also known as focus. The surface directly above the focus is called epicenter. Seismic waves from earthquakes are used by scientists to study what our planet Earth is actually made up of.
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The Earth is divided into three layers: the Crust, the Mantle, and the Core. The crust is the Earth's outermost, thinnest, rocky layer, where we live. The layer beneath the crust is known as the mantle. It is the thickest and is primarily composed of semi-molten rock known as magma. This granite is hard in the upper mantle, but as it descends, it begins to dissolve and become softer. The core is the hottest layer and is separated into two parts: the outer core, which is liquid, and the inner core, which is solid.
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Seismic waves move at different speeds depending on the materials they are encountering. Earthquakes cause different types of seismic waves: BODY WAVES and SURFACE WAVES. The surface waves can only travel through Earth’s surface while body waves, on the other hand, can travel through the inner layers of the Earth.
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Waves travelling through Earth’s surface are the surface waves. The surface waves are the slowest travelling seismic waves and arrive after the body waves. They are responsible for the damage and destruction related with earthquakes. There are two types of surface waves: LOVE WAVES and RAYLEIGH WAVES. The love waves are the fastest surface waves and cause the ground to move from side to side while Rayleigh waves are the slowest of the seismic waves and cause the ground to roll like ocean wave.
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There are two types of body waves. The first type of body wave is the P (Primary) wave. P waves are the fastest travelling seismic wave, push and pull the materials they encounter, the first wave you feel in an earthquake and can move through solids and liquids.
The second type of body wave is the S (Secondary) wave. S waves move slower than P waves but faster than the surface waves, move the materials they encounter up and down, arrive after the P waves and can move only through solids.
(Please see the figure above for clear details)
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The waves of energy that travel through the Earth because of earthquakes enable scientists to tell us a lot about the internal structure of the Earth. Seismic waves move at different speeds when they travel through different types of materials they are encountering. As the body waves travel through the Earth, the waves are bent by the different materials that make up the Earth. The bending of waves is similar to the bending of light waves as they travel through a prism.
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