The last emperor of India’s Mauryan Dynasty, Ashoka became a patron of Buddhism after witnessing the suffering caused by his military conquest of Kalinga. Following this, he renounced violence in favor of “conquest by Dharma.”

Ashoka The Great Buddhist 

Ashoka adopted the Buddhist virtues of honesty, compassion, humility, & non-violence. As a ruler with perhaps the power to outcast minority religions, Ashoka nonetheless exercised & encouraged tolerance & respect for all spiritual alignments.

New Principles 

Ashoka appointed “Dharma Ministers,” public servants—especially attentive to gender & religious minorities—who also reported the state of the general citizenship to Ashoka frequently. Under his rule, the government constructed hospitals, veterinary hospitals, wells, & other public-serving structures.

Dharma Government 

The Emperor had stupas & monasteries built, along with pillars inscribed with his interpretations of just spirituality & philosophy. He sent his own children as preaching missionaries to Sri Lanka, & made personal efforts to settle disputes within the Sangha (or Buddhist community).

Patronage Projects 

<img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/52/142552-050-F75BD366/Pillar-Ashoka-Vaishali-Bihar-India.jpg?w=400&amp;h=300&amp;c=crop" alt="Vaishali: pillar commemorating Ashoka" width="236" height="177"><div>Top Questions</div><div>How did Ashoka become so famous?</div>Ashoka’s fame is largely due to his pillar and <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/rock-edicts" dir="ltr">rock edicts</a>, which allowed him to reach a wide audience and left a lasting historical record. He is remembered as a model ruler, controlling a vast and diverse <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mauryan-Empire" dir="ltr">Mauryan empire</a> through peace and respect, with <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/dharma-religious-concept" dir="ltr">dharma</a> at the centre of his ideology.<div>What were Ashoka’s achievements?</div>Ashoka was able to rule over the vast and diverse <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mauryan-Empire" dir="ltr">Mauryan empire</a> through a centralized policy of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/dharma-religious-concept" dir="ltr">dharma</a> that favoured peace and tolerance and that administered <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/public-utility" dir="ltr">public works</a> and social welfare. He likewise patronized the spread of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism" dir="ltr">Buddhism</a> and art throughout the empire.<div>How did Ashoka come to power?</div>Ashoka was the third emperor of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mauryan-Empire" dir="ltr">Mauryan dynasty</a>, grandson of its founder <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Chandragupta" dir="ltr">Chandragupta</a> and son of the second emperor, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bindusara" dir="ltr">Bindusara</a>. Upon Bindusara’s death, Ashoka and his brothers engaged in a war of succession, and Ashoka emerged victorious after several years of conflict.<div>What were Ashoka’s beliefs?</div>After Ashoka’s successful but devastating conquest of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Kalinga" dir="ltr">Kalinga</a> early in his rule, he converted to <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism" dir="ltr">Buddhism</a> and was inspired by its doctrine of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/dharma-religious-concept" dir="ltr">dharma</a>. Thereafter, he ruled his empire through peace and tolerance and focused on public works and building up the empire rather than expanding it.Ashoka, also spelled Aśoka, (died 238? bce, India), last major <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/emperor-title" dir="ltr">emperor</a> of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mauryan-Empire" dir="ltr">Mauryan</a> <a data-term="dynasty" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dynasty" data-type="MW" dir="ltr">dynasty</a> of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/India" dir="ltr">India</a>. His vigorous patronage of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism" dir="ltr">Buddhism</a> during his reign (c. 265–238 bce; also given as c. 273–232 bce) furthered the expansion of that <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/religion" dir="ltr">religion</a> throughout India. Following his successful but bloody conquest of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Kalinga" dir="ltr">Kalinga</a> country on the east coast, Ashoka renounced armed conquest and adopted a policy that he called “conquest by <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/dharma-religious-concept" dir="ltr">dharma</a>” (i.e., by principles of right life).In order to gain wide publicity for his teachings and his work, Ashoka made them known by means of oral announcements and by engravings on rocks and pillars at suitable sites. These inscriptions—the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/rock-edicts" dir="ltr">rock edicts</a> and pillar edicts (e.g., the lion capital of the pillar found at Sarnath, which has become India’s national emblem), mostly dated in various years of his reign—contain statements regarding his thoughts and actions and provide information on his life and acts. His utterances rang of frankness and sincerity.According to his own accounts, Ashoka conquered the Kalinga country (modern <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Odisha" dir="ltr">Orissa</a> state) in the eighth year of his reign. The sufferings that the war inflicted on the defeated people moved him to such remorse that he renounced armed conquests. It was at this time that he came in touch with Buddhism and adopted it. Under its influence and prompted by his own <a data-term="dynamic" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dynamic" data-type="MW" dir="ltr">dynamic</a> temperament, he resolved to live according to, and preach, the dharma and to serve his subjects and all humanity.Ashoka repeatedly declared that he understood dharma to be the energetic practice of the sociomoral virtues of honesty, truthfulness, compassion, mercifulness, <a data-term="benevolence" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/benevolence" data-type="MW" dir="ltr">benevolence</a>, nonviolence, considerate behaviour toward all, “little sin and many good deeds,” nonextravagance, nonacquisitiveness, and noninjury to animals. He spoke of no particular mode of religious creed or worship, nor of any philosophical doctrines. He spoke of Buddhism only to his coreligionists and not to others.Toward all religious sects he adopted a policy of respect and guaranteed them full freedom to live according to their own principles, but he also urged them to exert themselves for the “increase of their inner worthiness.” Moreover, he exhorted them to respect the creeds of others, praise the good points of others, and refrain from <a data-term="vehement" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vehement" data-type="MW" dir="ltr">vehement</a> adverse <a data-term="criticism" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/criticism" data-type="MW" dir="ltr">criticism</a> of the viewpoints of others.To practice the dharma actively, Ashoka went out on periodic tours preaching the dharma to the rural people and relieving their sufferings. He ordered his high officials to do the same, in addition to attending to their normal duties; he exhorted administrative officers to be constantly aware of the joys and sorrows of the common folk and to be prompt and impartial in dispensing <a data-term="justice" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/justice" data-type="MW" dir="ltr">justice</a>. A special class of high officers, designated “dharma ministers,” was appointed to foster dharma work by the public, relieve suffering wherever found, and look to the special needs of women, of people inhabiting outlying regions, of neighbouring peoples, and of various religious <a data-term="communities" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/communities" data-type="MW" dir="ltr">communities</a>. It was ordered that matters concerning public welfare were to be reported to him at all times. The only glory he sought, he said, was for having led his people along the path of dharma. No doubts are left in the minds of readers of his inscriptions regarding his earnest zeal for serving his subjects. More success was attained in his work, he said, by reasoning with people than by issuing commands.Among his works of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/public-utility" dir="ltr">public utility</a> were the founding of hospitals for people and animals, the planting of roadside trees and groves, the digging of wells, and the construction of watering sheds and rest houses. Orders were also issued for <a data-term="curbing" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/curbing" data-type="EB" dir="ltr">curbing</a> public laxities and preventing <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/cruelty-to-animals" dir="ltr">cruelty to animals</a>. With the death of Ashoka, the Mauryan empire disintegrated and his work was discontinued. His memory survives for what he attempted to achieve and the high ideals he held before himself.Most enduring were Ashoka’s services to Buddhism. He built a number of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/stupa" dir="ltr">stupas</a> (commemorative burial mounds) and monasteries and erected pillars on which he ordered inscribed his understanding of religious doctrines. He took strong measures to suppress schisms within the sangha (the Buddhist religious community) and prescribed a course of scriptural studies for adherents. The Sinhalese chronicle <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mahavamsa" dir="ltr">Mahavamsa</a> says that when the order decided to send preaching missions abroad, Ashoka helped them enthusiastically and sent his own son and daughter as missionaries to <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Sri-Lanka" dir="ltr">Sri Lanka</a>. It is as a result of Ashoka’s <a data-term="patronage" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/patronage" data-type="EB" dir="ltr">patronage</a> that Buddhism, which until then was a small sect confined to particular localities, spread throughout India and subsequently beyond the frontiers of the country.A sample quotation that illustrates the spirit that guided Ashoka is:<BLOCKQUOTE>All men are my children. As for my own children I desire that they may be provided with all the welfare and happiness of this world and of the next, so do I desire for all men as well.</BLOCKQUOTE>

Ashoka the Great was the ideal Chakravartin ruler, who used Buddhism as a template for just & benevolent governance. 

Ashoka, also spelled Aśoka,  (died 238? bce,  India), last major emperor of the Mauryan dynasty of India. His vigorous patronage of Buddhism during his reign (c. 265–238 bce; also given as c. 273–232 bce) furthered the expansion of that religion throughout India. Following his successful but bloody conquest of the Kalinga country on the east coast, Ashoka renounced armed conquest and adopted a policy that he called “conquest by dharma” (i.e., by principles of right life). In order to gain wide publicity for his teachings and his work, Ashoka made them known by means of oral announcements and by engravings

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Ashoka’s fame is largely due to his pillar and <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/rock-edicts">rock edicts </a>, which allowed him to reach a wide audience and left a lasting historical record. He is remembered as a model ruler, controlling a vast and diverse <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mauryan-Empire">Mauryan empire </a>through peace and respect, with <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/dharma-religious-concept">dharma </a>at the centre of his ideology.

Ashoka was able to rule over the vast and diverse <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mauryan-Empire">Mauryan empire </a>through a centralized policy of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/dharma-religious-concept">dharma </a>that favoured peace and tolerance and that administered <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/public-utility">public works </a>and social welfare. He likewise patronized the spread of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism">Buddhism </a>and art throughout the empire.

Ashoka was the third emperor of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mauryan-Empire">Mauryan dynasty </a>, grandson of its founder <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Chandragupta">Chandragupta </a>and son of the second emperor, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bindusara">Bindusara </a>. Upon Bindusara’s death, Ashoka and his brothers engaged in a war of succession, and Ashoka emerged victorious after several years of conflict.

After Ashoka’s successful but devastating conquest of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Kalinga">Kalinga </a>early in his rule, he converted to <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism">Buddhism </a>and was inspired by its doctrine of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/dharma-religious-concept">dharma </a>. Thereafter, he ruled his empire through peace and tolerance and focused on public works and building up the empire rather than expanding it.

Ashoka , also spelled Aśoka , (died 238? bce , India), last major <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/emperor-title">emperor </a>of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mauryan-Empire">Mauryan </a><a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dynasty">dynasty </a>of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/India">India </a>. His vigorous patronage of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism">Buddhism </a>during his reign (c. 265–238 bce ; also given as c. 273–232 bce ) furthered the expansion of that <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/religion">religion </a>throughout India. Following his successful but bloody conquest of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Kalinga">Kalinga </a>country on the east coast, Ashoka renounced armed conquest and adopted a policy that he called “conquest by <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/dharma-religious-concept">dharma </a>” (i.e., by principles of right life).

In order to gain wide publicity for his teachings and his work, Ashoka made them known by means of oral announcements and by engravings on rocks and pillars at suitable sites. These inscriptions—the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/rock-edicts">rock edicts </a>and pillar edicts (e.g., the lion capital of the pillar found at Sarnath, which has become India’s national emblem), mostly dated in various years of his reign—contain statements regarding his thoughts and actions and provide information on his life and acts. His utterances rang of frankness and sincerity.

According to his own accounts, Ashoka conquered the Kalinga country (modern <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Odisha">Orissa </a>state) in the eighth year of his reign. The sufferings that the war inflicted on the defeated people moved him to such remorse that he renounced armed conquests. It was at this time that he came in touch with Buddhism and adopted it. Under its influence and prompted by his own <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dynamic">dynamic </a>temperament, he resolved to live according to, and preach, the dharma and to serve his subjects and all humanity.

Ashoka repeatedly declared that he understood dharma to be the energetic practice of the sociomoral virtues of honesty, truthfulness, compassion, mercifulness, <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/benevolence">benevolence </a>, nonviolence, considerate behaviour toward all, “little sin and many good deeds,” nonextravagance, nonacquisitiveness, and noninjury to animals. He spoke of no particular mode of religious creed or worship, nor of any philosophical doctrines. He spoke of Buddhism only to his coreligionists and not to others.

Toward all religious sects he adopted a policy of respect and guaranteed them full freedom to live according to their own principles, but he also urged them to exert themselves for the “increase of their inner worthiness.” Moreover, he exhorted them to respect the creeds of others, praise the good points of others, and refrain from <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vehement">vehement </a>adverse <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/criticism">criticism </a>of the viewpoints of others.

To practice the dharma actively, Ashoka went out on periodic tours preaching the dharma to the rural people and relieving their sufferings. He ordered his high officials to do the same, in addition to attending to their normal duties; he exhorted administrative officers to be constantly aware of the joys and sorrows of the common folk and to be prompt and impartial in dispensing <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/justice">justice </a>. A special class of high officers, designated “dharma ministers,” was appointed to foster dharma work by the public, relieve suffering wherever found, and look to the special needs of women, of people inhabiting outlying regions, of neighbouring peoples, and of various religious <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/communities">communities </a>. It was ordered that matters concerning public welfare were to be reported to him at all times. The only glory he sought, he said, was for having led his people along the path of dharma. No doubts are left in the minds of readers of his inscriptions regarding his earnest zeal for serving his subjects. More success was attained in his work, he said, by reasoning with people than by issuing commands.

Among his works of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/public-utility">public utility </a>were the founding of hospitals for people and animals, the planting of roadside trees and groves, the digging of wells, and the construction of watering sheds and rest houses. Orders were also issued for <a href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/curbing">curbing </a>public laxities and preventing <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/cruelty-to-animals">cruelty to animals </a>. With the death of Ashoka, the Mauryan empire disintegrated and his work was discontinued. His memory survives for what he attempted to achieve and the high ideals he held before himself.

Most enduring were Ashoka’s services to Buddhism. He built a number of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/stupa">stupas </a>(commemorative burial mounds) and monasteries and erected pillars on which he ordered inscribed his understanding of religious doctrines. He took strong measures to suppress schisms within the sangha (the Buddhist religious community) and prescribed a course of scriptural studies for adherents. The Sinhalese chronicle <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa </a>says that when the order decided to send preaching missions abroad, Ashoka helped them enthusiastically and sent his own son and daughter as missionaries to <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Sri-Lanka">Sri Lanka </a>. It is as a result of Ashoka’s <a href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/patronage">patronage </a>that Buddhism, which until then was a small sect confined to particular localities, spread throughout India and subsequently beyond the frontiers of the country.

A sample quotation that illustrates the spirit that guided Ashoka is:

All men are my children. As for my own children I desire that they may be provided with all the welfare and happiness of this world and of the next, so do I desire for all men as well.

Ashoka | Biography, History, Religion, India, & Buddhism

Ashoka The Great Buddhist

New Principles

Dharma Government

Patronage Projects

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