Hearsay is a testimony of documents quoting people who are not present in court. It is not hearsay for someone to comment on something said by another witness in court, but if the statement occurs outside of court, then it may be hearsay.

Hearsay

It is generally considered that a person is not likely to have the presence of mind to lie or give false statements during or immediately after a criminal act. If a statement is considered such an excited utterance, it might be acceptable as evidence. A written statement may also constitute hearsay. An exception is business records and government records.

Hearsay exceptions

A judge has discretion in sustaining or overruling hearsay objections. While a judge can sustain an objection because it is technically hearsay, in practice, most judges allow it because a person can be cross-examined.

A judge’s discretion

artsandculture

Society, Arts & Culture

<ul><li><a href="/us">News </a><ul><li><a href="/news/uk">UK </a> </li><li><a href="/news/world">World </a> </li><li><a href="/news/world/europe">Europe </a> </li> </ul> </li><li><a href="/tv/editors-picks">Independent TV </a> </li><li><a href="/news/world/americas/us-politics">Politics </a> </li><li><a href="/climate-change">Climate </a><ul><li><a href="/climate-change/sgi">SGI </a> </li><li><a href="/topic/cop26">COP26 </a> </li><li><a href="/climate-change/opinion">Climate Voices </a> </li><li><a href="/climate-change/news">Climate News </a> </li><li><a href="/climate-change/sustainable-living">Climate Life </a> </li> </ul> </li><li><a href="/us/voices">Voices </a><ul><li><a href="/author/mary-dejevsky">Mary Dejevsky </a> </li> </ul> </li><li><a href="https://www.indy100.com">Indy100 </a> </li><li><a href="/sport">Sport </a><ul><li><a href="/sport/us-sport">US sports </a> </li><li><a href="/sport/football">Soccer </a> </li><li><a href="/sport/tennis">Tennis </a> </li><li><a href="/sport/general/boxing">Boxing </a> </li><li><a href="/sport/motor-racing">Formula 1 </a> </li><li><a href="/sport/ufc">UFC </a> </li> </ul> </li><li><a href="/arts-entertainment">Culture </a><ul><li><a href="/arts-entertainment/films">Film </a> </li><li><a href="/arts-entertainment/tv">TV </a> </li><li><a href="/arts-entertainment/music">Music </a> </li><li><a href="/arts-entertainment/books">Books </a> </li><li><a href="https://puzzles.independent.co.uk/?utm_campaign=navbar&utm_medium=nav&utm_source=navpuzzles">Crosswords & Puzzles </a> </li> </ul> </li><li><a href="/travel">Travel </a> </li><li><a href="/life-style">indy/ life </a><ul><li><a href="/life-style/fashion">Fashion & Beauty </a> </li><li><a href="/tech">Tech </a> </li><li><a href="/life-style/food-and-drink">Food & Drink </a> </li><li><a href="/travel">Travel </a> </li><li><a href="/life-style/health-and-families">Health & Fitness </a> </li><li><a href="/life-style/love-sex">Love & relationships </a> </li> </ul> </li><li><a href="/extras/indybest/us">IndyBest </a> </li><li><a href="/my-independent">My Independent </a><ul><li><a href="/comments">Most commented </a> </li><li><a href="/ask-me-anything">Ask Me Anything </a> </li><li><a href="/virtual-events">Virtual Events </a> </li><li><a href="/independent-newsletters">Independent Newsletters </a> </li><li><a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/competitions">Competitions </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul>

<ul><li><a href="/">UK Edition </a> </li><li><a href="/us">US Edition </a> </li><li><a href="/asia">Asia Edition </a> </li><li><a href="https://www.independentespanol.com/">Edición en Español </a> </li> </ul>

<ul>{{#items}}<li><div><div>{{#edition}} {{/edition}}<a href="{{path}}">{{title}} </a>{{#children}} {{/children}} </div>{{#children}}<ul>{{{children}}} </ul>{{/children}} </div> </li>{{/items}} </ul>

Please refresh the page or navigate to another page on the site to be automatically logged in Please refresh your browser to be logged in

What hearsay objections mean at the Depp v Heard trial

Hearsay objections have been raised frequently during testimony

Find your bookmarks in your <a href="/independent-premium#bookmarks">Independent Premium </a>section, under my profile

Johnny Depp and Amber Heard at the Fairfax County Courthouse in Fairfax, Virginia, on 5 May 2022

Those who have followed the <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/johnny-depp-amber-heard-trial-fairfax-ex-b2076200.html">defamation trial </a>opposing <a href="/topic/johnny-depp">Johnny Depp </a>and <a href="/topic/amber-heard">Amber Heard </a>in Virginia will have become familiar with the term “hearsay”. It has been frequently brought up in objections by either party’s legal teams, prompting some questions about what hearsay is, why it’s not admissible as evidence in a court of law, and whether it might be used under special circumstances.

During witness testimony, particularly when Mr Depp and Ms Heard have taken the stand themselves, their respective attorneys have been known to interject with the words: “Objection, hearsay.” Objecting on the basis of hearsay is a way for an attorney to ask for a statement that has just been made to be dismissed as evidence.

Hearsay, according to the <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/fre/rule_801">Federal Rules of Evidence as published by Cornell Law School </a>, is a statement that “the declarant does not make while testifying at the current trial or hearing”, and “a party offers in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted in the statement.”

In other words, and as summarized by the legal company <a href="http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=44681X1458326&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legalzoom.com%2Farticles%2Fobjection-hearsay-what-is-the-hearsay-rule-and-what-are-the-exceptions-to-it&sref=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/johnny-depp-hearsay-amber-heard-trial-b2076876.html">LegalZoom </a>, hearsay is “testimony or documents quoting people who are not present in court”.

“It is not hearsay for someone to comment on something said by another witness in court,” notes <a href="https://www.hg.org/legal-articles/what-is-hearsay-31738">the legal resource website HG.org </a>. “But, if the statement occurs outside of court, where the judge and jury could not hear it, then it may be hearsay.”

As for the “truth of the matter” part of the legal definition, <a href="https://www.hg.org/legal-articles/what-is-hearsay-31738">HG.org offers this example </a>: “If John calls Sue at 2 in the afternoon from his cell phone and says ‘I just saw Paul shoot someone,’ the statement would be hearsay if offered to prove that Paul shot someone. But, if the statement is offered to prove that John made the phone call before the victim was shot, this could be used as evidence that John lied about seeing Paul shoot someone and that he may be implicated himself since he knew about it before it occurred.”

Judge Penney Azcarate speaks to attorneys for Johnny Depp and Amber Heard at the Fairfax County Courthouse in Fairfax, Virginia, on 3 May 2022

There are hearsay exceptions that make it possible to accept statements made outside of court as evidence. For example, if a statement is considered an “excited utterance”, then it might be acceptable as evidence. The reason for that rule is that, per <a href="http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=44681X1458326&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legalzoom.com%2Farticles%2Fobjection-hearsay-what-is-the-hearsay-rule-and-what-are-the-exceptions-to-it&sref=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/johnny-depp-hearsay-amber-heard-trial-b2076876.html">LegalZoom </a>, it is generally considered that “during or immediately following a criminal act, a person is not likely to have the presence of mind to lie or give false statements”.

Other exceptions exist, for example for statements that go against a person’s own interests.

A statement doesn’t have to be made orally in order to constitute hearsay, it can also be made in writing. There exists an exception here too: some documents, including business records and government records, may be admitted into evidence.

Law & Crime analyst Gene Rossi, <a href="https://youtu.be/amS6S_QLHzo">speaking to the network </a>in comments highlighted by TheWrap in a <a href="https://www.thewrap.com/judges-old-school-slowing-johnny-depp-amber-heard/">recent article </a>, pointed to a judge’s discretion in sustaining or overruling hearsay objections.

“I think the judge has tremendous judicial temperament – I strongly disagree, respectfully, with a lot of her rulings,” Rossi said. “... Technically, hearsay is whatever I say – I’m on the witness stand, and I’m saying something ... outside the courtroom, that is technically hearsay, because it’s a statement outside of the courthouse.

“In my 30 years of practicing law, 99 percent of the judges did not care what I said if I’m on the stand and I’m quoting myself outside the courtroom, because I’m there to be cross-examined.”

He called Judge Penney Azcarate, who has presided over the Depp v Heard trial, a “purist” in that regard, adding: “She’s sustaining that objection, because academically, technically it is hearsay, but practically in my experience 99 percent of judges allow it, because I’m on the stand to be cross-examined.”

Registration is a free and easy way to support our truly independent journalism

By registering, you will also enjoy limited access to Premium articles, exclusive newsletters, commenting, and virtual events with our leading journalists

{{#verifyErrors}} {{message}} {{/verifyErrors}} {{^verifyErrors}} {{message}} {{/verifyErrors}}

By clicking ‘Create my account’ you confirm that your data has been entered correctly and you have read and agree to our <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/service/user-policies-a6184151.html">Terms of use, </a><a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/service/cookie-policy-a6184186.html">Cookie policy </a>and <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/service/privacy-policy-a6184181.html">Privacy notice. </a>

This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google <a href="https://policies.google.com/privacy?hl=en">Privacy policy </a>and <a href="https://policies.google.com/terms?hl=en">Terms of service </a>apply.

By clicking ‘Register’ you confirm that your data has been entered correctly and you have read and agree to our <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/service/user-policies-a6184151.html">Terms of use, </a><a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/service/cookie-policy-a6184186.html">Cookie policy </a>and <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/service/privacy-policy-a6184181.html">Privacy notice. </a>

1  /2    What hearsay objections mean at the Depp v Heard trial

JIM LO SCALZO/POOL/AFP via Getty Images

Subscribe to Independent Premium to bookmark this article

Want to bookmark your favourite articles and stories to read or reference later? Start your Independent Premium subscription today.

<ul><li><a href="/"> </a><a href="https://www.independent.co.uk">Get in touch </a><ul><li><a href="/service/contact-us-759589.html">Contact us </a> </li><li><a href="https://independentjobs.independent.co.uk/">Jobs </a> </li> </ul><ul><li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/TheIndependentOnline"> </a><a href="https://twitter.com/Independent"> </a> </li> </ul> </li><li><a href="https://www.independent.co.uk">Our Products </a><ul><li><a href="/subscribe?itm_channel=native&itm_campaign=footer&itm_audience=prospecting&itm_content=subscribe">Subscribe </a> </li><li><a href="/register?itm_channel=native&itm_campaign=footer&itm_content=register">Register </a> </li><li><a href="/newsletters?itm_channel=native&itm_campaign=footer&itm_audience=prospecting&itm_content=newsletters">Newsletters </a> </li><li><a href="/donations?itm_channel=native&itm_campaign=footer&itm_audience=prospecting&itm_content=donate">Donate </a> </li><li><a href="/subscribe/app?itm_channel=native&itm_campaign=app_selling_page&itm_audience=prospecting&itm_content=footer">Install our app </a> </li><li><a href="/archive">Archive </a> </li> </ul> </li><li><a href="https://www.independent.co.uk">Other publications </a><ul><li><a href="/news/world/journalism-license-srmg-middle-east-news-world-global-a9579111.html">International editions </a> </li><li><a href="https://www.independentespanol.com/">Independent en Español </a> </li><li><a href="https://www.independentarabia.com/">Independent Arabia </a> </li><li><a href="https://www.indyturk.com/">Independent Turkish </a> </li><li><a href="https://www.independentpersian.com/">Independent Persian </a> </li><li><a href="https://www.independenturdu.com/">Independent Urdu </a> </li><li><a href="https://www.standard.co.uk/">Evening Standard </a> </li><li><a href="http://en.novayagazeta.ru/">Novaya Gazeta </a> </li> </ul> </li><li><a href="https://www.independent.co.uk">Extras </a><ul><li><a href="/topics-list">All topics </a> </li><li><a href="/vouchercodes">Voucher codes </a> </li><li><a href="/compare">Compare </a> </li><li><a href="https://www.independentadvertising.com/">Independent Advertising </a> </li><li><a href="https://www.independentadvertising.com/licensing-and-syndication/">Syndication </a> </li><li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-independent/jobs/">Working at The Independent </a> </li> </ul> </li><li><a href="https://www.independent.co.uk">Legal </a><ul><li><a href="/service/code-of-conduct-a6184241.html">Code of conduct and complaints </a> </li><li><a href="/service/external-contributors-policy-7905982.html">Contributors </a> </li><li><a href="/service/cookie-policy-a6184186.html">Cookie policy </a> </li><li><a href="/service/contributions-terms-and-conditions-a9308071.html">Donations Terms & Conditions </a> </li><li><a href="/service/privacy-policy-a6184181.html">Privacy notice </a> </li><li><a>Privacy settings </a> </li><li><a href="/service/user-policies-a6184151.html">User policies </a> </li><li><a href="https://static.independent.co.uk/static-assets/IDNMLModSlav0721.pdf">Modern Slavery Act </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul>

<ul><li><a href="/independent-premium#events"> My Independent Premium </a> </li><li><a href="/profile"> Account details </a> </li><li><a href="https://independentnews.zendesk.com/hc/en-us"> Help centre </a> </li><li><a href="/user/logout"> Logout </a> </li> </ul>

Johnny Depp v Amber Heard: What is hearsay?

Hearsay

Hearsay exceptions

A judge’s discretion

Summer S.'s ideas are part of this journey:

Related collections

Similar ideas