Le mieux est le mortel ennemi du bien. (The best is the mortal enemy of the good.)

Striving to better, oft we mar what's well.

Perfect is the enemy of good is an <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism" dir="ltr">aphorism</a> that means insistence on perfection often prevents implementation of good improvements. Achieving absolute <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfection" title="Perfection" dir="ltr">perfection</a> may be impossible; one should not let the struggle for perfection stand in the way of appreciating or executing on something that is imperfect but still of value.
<h2>Contents</h2><h2>Origin</h2>
In the English-speaking world the aphorism is commonly attributed to <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire" dir="ltr">Voltaire</a>, who quoted an Italian <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb" dir="ltr">proverb</a> in his <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Questions_sur_l%27Encyclop%C3%A9die&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="Questions sur l'Encyclopédie (page does not exist)" dir="ltr">Questions sur l'Encyclopédie</a>&nbsp;[<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questions_sur_l%27Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="fr:Questions sur l'Encyclopédie" dir="ltr">fr</a>] in 1770: "Il meglio è l'inimico del bene".<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_note-1" dir="ltr">[1]</a> It subsequently appeared in his <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral" title="Moral" dir="ltr">moral</a> poem, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:La_B%C3%A9gueule" title="s:fr:La Bégueule" dir="ltr">La Bégueule</a>, which starts:<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_note-Hegel-2" dir="ltr">[2]</a> <BLOCKQUOTE>Dans ses écrits, un sage Italien Dit que le mieux est l'ennemi du bien. (In his writings, a wise Italian says that the best is the enemy of the good.)</BLOCKQUOTE>Previously, around 1726, in his <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pens%C3%A9es_(Montesquieu)" title="fr:Pensées (Montesquieu)" dir="ltr">Pensées</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu" dir="ltr">Montesquieu</a> wrote "Le mieux est le mortel ennemi du bien" ('The best is the mortal enemy of the good').<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_note-Shackleton-3" dir="ltr">[3]</a>
<h2>Antecedents</h2><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle" dir="ltr">Aristotle</a> and other classical philosophers propounded the principle of the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_mean_(philosophy)" title="Golden mean (philosophy)" dir="ltr">golden mean</a> which counsels against <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism" dir="ltr">extremism</a> in general.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_note-Shahar-4" dir="ltr">[4]</a>

Its sense in English literature can be traced back to <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare" dir="ltr">Shakespeare</a>.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_note-Allen-5" dir="ltr">[5]</a> In his tragedy <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear" dir="ltr">King Lear</a> (1606), the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Albany" title="Duke of Albany" dir="ltr">Duke of Albany</a> warns of "striving to better, oft we mar what's well" and in <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet_103" title="Sonnet 103" dir="ltr">Sonnet 103</a>:<BLOCKQUOTE>Were it not sinful then, striving to mend, To mar the subject that before was well?</BLOCKQUOTE><h2>Variations</h2>The 1893 Dictionary of Quotations from Ancient and Modern, English and Foreign Sources lists a similar proverb, which it claims is of <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China" dir="ltr">Chinese</a> provenance: "Better a <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond" dir="ltr">diamond</a> with a flaw than a pebble without one".
More recent applications include <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Watson-Watt" title="Robert Watson-Watt" dir="ltr">Robert Watson-Watt</a> propounding a "cult of the imperfect", which he stated as "Give them the third best to go on with; the second best comes too late, the best never comes";<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_note-Brown-6" dir="ltr">[6]</a> economist <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler" dir="ltr">George Stigler</a>'s assertion that "If you never miss a plane, you're spending too much time at the airport";<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_note-Geiling-7" dir="ltr">[7]</a><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_note-Landsburg-8" dir="ltr">[8]</a> and, in the field of <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization#When_to_optimize" title="Program optimization" dir="ltr">computer program optimization</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth" dir="ltr">Donald Knuth</a>'s statement that "Premature optimization is the root of all evil".<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_note-Knuth-9" dir="ltr">[9]</a> In marketing, the concept of "quality creep" is also recognised as counterproductive.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_note-Monash_2023-10" dir="ltr">[10]</a>
<h2>References</h2><OL><LI><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_ref-1" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" dir="ltr">^</a> <cite dir="ltr">Voltaire (1770). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://archive.org/details/questionssurlenc02volt/page/250/mode/2up" dir="ltr">Questions sur l'Encyclopédie, par des Amateurs</a>. Vol.&nbsp;2. Geneva, Switzerland: (publisher not named). p.&nbsp;250.</cite>
</LI><LI><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_ref-Hegel_2-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" dir="ltr">^</a> <cite dir="ltr"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel" dir="ltr">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a>; <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_W._Wood" title="Allen W. Wood" dir="ltr">Allen W. Wood</a>; Hugh Barr Nisbet (1991), Elements of the Philosophy of Right, Cambridge University Press, p.&nbsp;447, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" dir="ltr">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521348881" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521348881" dir="ltr"><bdi dir="ltr">978-0521348881</bdi></a></cite>
</LI><LI><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_ref-Shackleton_3-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" dir="ltr">^</a> <cite dir="ltr"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Shackleton" title="Robert Shackleton" dir="ltr">Robert Shackleton</a> (1988), Essays on Montesquieu and on the Enlightenment, Voltaire Foundation at the Taylor Institution, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" dir="ltr">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7294-0354-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7294-0354-2" dir="ltr"><bdi dir="ltr">978-0-7294-0354-2</bdi></a></cite>
</LI><LI><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_ref-Shahar_4-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" dir="ltr">^</a> <cite dir="ltr"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal_Ben-Shahar" title="Tal Ben-Shahar" dir="ltr">Tal Ben-Shahar</a> (2009), The Pursuit of Perfect, McGraw Hill Professional, p.&nbsp;113, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" dir="ltr">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-160882-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-160882-4" dir="ltr"><bdi dir="ltr">978-0-07-160882-4</bdi></a></cite>
</LI><LI><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_ref-Allen_5-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" dir="ltr">^</a> <cite dir="ltr">Robert Allen (2008), Allen's Dictionary of English Phrases, Penguin UK, pp.&nbsp;242–243, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" dir="ltr">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140515114" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140515114" dir="ltr"><bdi dir="ltr">978-0140515114</bdi></a></cite>
</LI><LI><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_ref-Brown_6-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" dir="ltr">^</a> <cite dir="ltr">L Brown (1999), Technical and Military Imperatives: A Radar History of World War 2, p.&nbsp;64, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" dir="ltr">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781420050660" title="Special:BookSources/9781420050660" dir="ltr"><bdi dir="ltr">9781420050660</bdi></a></cite>
</LI><LI><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_ref-Landsburg_8-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" dir="ltr">^</a> <cite dir="ltr">Steven E. Landsburg (2008), More Sex Is Safer Sex: The Unconventional Wisdom of Economics, Simon and Schuster, p.&nbsp;224, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" dir="ltr">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416532224" title="Special:BookSources/9781416532224" dir="ltr"><bdi dir="ltr">9781416532224</bdi></a></cite>
</LI><LI><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_ref-Knuth_9-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" dir="ltr">^</a> <cite dir="ltr"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth" dir="ltr">Donald Knuth</a> (2015), Rubin H. Landau; Manuel J. Páez; Cristian C. Bordeianu (eds.), Computational Physics, Wiley, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)" dir="ltr">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783527413157" title="Special:BookSources/9783527413157" dir="ltr"><bdi dir="ltr">9783527413157</bdi></a></cite>
</LI><LI><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_ref-Monash_2023_10-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up" dir="ltr">^</a> <cite dir="ltr"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.monash.edu/business/marketing/marketing-dictionary/q/quality-creep" dir="ltr">"Quality Creep"</a>. <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash_University_Faculty_of_Business_and_Economics#Monash_Business_School,_Australia" title="Monash University Faculty of Business and Economics" dir="ltr">Monash Business School</a>. April 3, 2023. Retrieved April 25, 2024.</cite>
</LI></OL><h2>Further reading</h2><UL><LI><cite dir="ltr">Eric Johns (October 1988), "Perfect is the Enemy of Good Enough", U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings: 37</cite></LI><LI><cite dir="ltr"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Watson-Watt" title="Robert Watson-Watt" dir="ltr">Robert Watson-Watt</a> (1957), "The Cult of the Imperfect", Three Steps to Victory, Odhams, pp.&nbsp;74–77</cite></LI></UL>

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Perfect is the enemy of good is an <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphorism">aphorism </a>that means insistence on perfection often prevents implementation of good improvements. Achieving absolute <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfection">perfection </a>may be impossible; one should not let the struggle for perfection stand in the way of appreciating or executing on something that is imperfect but still of value.

In the English-speaking world the aphorism is commonly attributed to <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire">Voltaire </a>, who quoted an Italian <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proverb">proverb </a>in his <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Questions_sur_l%27Encyclop%C3%A9die&action=edit&redlink=1">Questions sur l'Encyclopédie </a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questions_sur_l%27Encyclop%C3%A9die">fr </a>] in 1770: "Il meglio è l'inimico del bene ".<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_note-1">[ 1] </a> It subsequently appeared in his <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral">moral </a>poem, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:La_B%C3%A9gueule">La Bégueule </a> , which starts:<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_note-Hegel-2">[ 2] </a>

Dans ses écrits, un sage Italien Dit que le mieux est l'ennemi du bien. (In his writings, a wise Italian says that the best is the enemy of the good.)

Previously, around 1726, in his <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pens%C3%A9es_(Montesquieu)">Pensées </a> , <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesquieu">Montesquieu </a>wrote "Le mieux est le mortel ennemi du bien " ('The best is the mortal enemy of the good').<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_note-Shackleton-3">[ 3] </a>

<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle">Aristotle </a>and other classical philosophers propounded the principle of the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_mean_(philosophy)">golden mean </a>which counsels against <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremism">extremism </a>in general.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_note-Shahar-4">[ 4] </a>

Its sense in English literature can be traced back to <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare">Shakespeare </a>.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_note-Allen-5">[ 5] </a> In his tragedy <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Lear">King Lear </a> (1606), the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Albany">Duke of Albany </a>warns of "striving to better, oft we mar what's well" and in <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet_103">Sonnet 103 </a>:

Were it not sinful then, striving to mend, To mar the subject that before was well?

The 1893 Dictionary of Quotations from Ancient and Modern, English and Foreign Sources lists a similar proverb, which it claims is of <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/China">Chinese </a>provenance: "Better a <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond">diamond </a>with a flaw than a pebble without one".

More recent applications include <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Watson-Watt">Robert Watson-Watt </a>propounding a "cult of the imperfect", which he stated as "Give them the third best to go on with; the second best comes too late, the best never comes";<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_note-Brown-6">[ 6] </a> economist <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stigler">George Stigler </a>'s assertion that "If you never miss a plane, you're spending too much time at the airport";<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_note-Geiling-7">[ 7] </a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_note-Landsburg-8">[ 8] </a> and, in the field of <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization#When_to_optimize">computer program optimization </a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Knuth">Donald Knuth </a>'s statement that "Premature optimization is the root of all evil".<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_note-Knuth-9">[ 9] </a> In marketing, the concept of "quality creep" is also recognised as counterproductive.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_note-Monash_2023-10">[ 10] </a>

<ol><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_ref-1">^ </a> <cite>Voltaire (1770). <a href="https://archive.org/details/questionssurlenc02volt/page/250/mode/2up">Questions sur l'Encyclopédie, par des Amateurs </a>. Vol. 2. Geneva, Switzerland: (publisher not named). p. 250. </cite> </li><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_ref-Hegel_2-0">^ </a> <cite><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel </a>; <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_W._Wood">Allen W. Wood </a>; Hugh Barr Nisbet (1991), Elements of the Philosophy of Right , Cambridge University Press, p. 447, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN </a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521348881">978-0521348881 </a> </cite> </li><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_ref-Shackleton_3-0">^ </a> <cite><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Shackleton">Robert Shackleton </a>(1988), Essays on Montesquieu and on the Enlightenment , Voltaire Foundation at the Taylor Institution, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN </a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7294-0354-2">978-0-7294-0354-2 </a> </cite> </li><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_ref-Shahar_4-0">^ </a> <cite><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal_Ben-Shahar">Tal Ben-Shahar </a>(2009), The Pursuit of Perfect , McGraw Hill Professional, p. 113, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN </a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-160882-4">978-0-07-160882-4 </a> </cite> </li><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_ref-Allen_5-0">^ </a> <cite>Robert Allen (2008), Allen's Dictionary of English Phrases , Penguin UK, pp. 242– 243, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN </a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140515114">978-0140515114 </a> </cite> </li><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_ref-Brown_6-0">^ </a> <cite>L Brown (1999), Technical and Military Imperatives: A Radar History of World War 2 , p. 64, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN </a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781420050660">9781420050660 </a> </cite> </li><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_ref-Landsburg_8-0">^ </a> <cite>Steven E. Landsburg (2008), More Sex Is Safer Sex: The Unconventional Wisdom of Economics , Simon and Schuster, p. 224, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN </a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416532224">9781416532224 </a> </cite> </li><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_ref-Knuth_9-0">^ </a> <cite><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Knuth">Donald Knuth </a>(2015), Rubin H. Landau; Manuel J. Páez; Cristian C. Bordeianu (eds.), Computational Physics , Wiley, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)">ISBN </a> <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783527413157">9783527413157 </a> </cite> </li><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_is_the_enemy_of_good#cite_ref-Monash_2023_10-0">^ </a> <cite><a href="https://www.monash.edu/business/marketing/marketing-dictionary/q/quality-creep">"Quality Creep" </a>. <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash_University_Faculty_of_Business_and_Economics#Monash_Business_School,_Australia">Monash Business School </a> . April 3, 2023. Retrieved April 25, 2024 . </cite> </li> </ol>

<ul><li><cite>Eric Johns (October 1988), "Perfect is the Enemy of Good Enough", U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings : 37 </cite> </li><li><cite><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Watson-Watt">Robert Watson-Watt </a>(1957), "The Cult of the Imperfect", Three Steps to Victory , Odhams, pp. 74– 77 </cite> </li> </ul>

Perfect Is The Enemy Of Good

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