Vladimir Oane's Key Ideas from A Beginner's Guide to the Stock Market
by Matthew R Kratter

Every stock has a bid price and an offer (or "ask") price. “You sell to the bid, and you buy from the ask.”

When you are buying a stock, you can use 2 different kinds of orders:

1. market order: this order tells the broker to get you into the stock as quickly as possible, regardless of price.
2. limit order: specifies a price. 

An index is simply a collection (or "basket") of stocks. An ETF allows trading an index just like a stock. The best-known indexes are: 

• S&P 500 (trading as SPY): the 500 U.S. stocks with the largest market caps
• Dow Jones Industrial Average (trading as DIA): It always contains only 30 very large and well-known companies.
• Nasdaq 100 (trading as QQQ): contains the most valuable 100 US tech companies.

Indexing is widely considered the safest and best way for most people to invest. 

Active investing strategies means picking your own stocks and building and managing a portfolio. It's hard and few people do it well. 

Passive investing strategies mean investing in an index. When indexing, most people like to invest the same dollar amount of money into an index every month. By buying an index/ETF at different times, you end up getting a pretty good "average price.” This practice is called "cost averaging.”

A dividend stock will usually make a cash payment into your brokerage account every 3 months. Works well as you can take the cash from a dividend payment and use it to buy more dividend stocks. 

A dividend yield is how much money you make yearly compared to the share price (see image): If you paid $60/share and get $1.8 in dividends/year you have a 3% yield.

Usually, yields should be better than interests on savings, but as opposed to a bank account, the value of the stock could go down.

Popularized by investors Benjamin Graham & Warren Buffett, value investing is about buying something for less than it is worth. It's based on this idea that you can find undervalued companies (companies with low P/E - price per earnings). It's hard to do it these days:

• Finding undervalued companies can be confused with finding cheap companies. Companies that are in trouble often have P/E's below 10.
• The fastest-growing tech companies have huge P/E ratios. The good companies are not cheap. 

Let's say that a company's stock trades for $100 and that the company has earnings per share (EPS) of $6.50 over the last 12 months. 

We can calculate a trailing ("last 12 months") P/E ratio for that stock by simply dividing the stock price ("P") by the EPS ("E"), so 100/6.50 equals about 15. 

We can say that this stock has a TTM P/E (trailing 12 months price to earnings ratio) of 15. Historically that is a pretty good average P/E for stock or for the stock market as a whole.

Great companies that are rapidly growing will always trade at high P/E's (Facebook, Amazon etc). Value investors will always tell you to stay away from companies with high P/E's. Ignore them. 

Matthew's advice: buy growth stocks that are hitting new 52-week highs, or even all-time new highs. Why?

• Every single holder of the stock has a profit. Except the short-sellers who are now forced to sell at a loss. And they push the price even higher. 
• A growing stock gets publicity and more people invest, pushing the price even higher. 

Find stocks with the following characteristics: 

• price at 52wk highs or new all-time highs
• stock is trading above its 50day moving average and the 50day moving average is above the 200day moving average
• trends upwards after a earning report
• markets are up (using the same 50 and 200-days formula as for the stock)
• a market cap of $5 billion or less. (it takes a lot less money to push a $5 billion stock higher than it does a $500 billion market cap stock)
• the float (the number of shares of a stock that are actually available for trading) is less than 20% of the total number of shares outstanding. 
• high short interest (the quantity of shares that have been sold short by those who believe that the stock will go down)

Get out:

• when a stock moves up 100% in 2 weeks or less
• when you are up 300% from your entry price
• when all of your friends and CNBC begin to talk a lot about it
• when the stock closes below its 50day or 200day moving average
• when the stock has a daily close below EMA (10-day or 20-day exponential moving average )

You can scale out of a profitable position. Sell 25% of your position every Monday for 4 weeks in a row.

Risk no more than 1% of the trading account on each stock trade. 

Let’s say that I am trading a $100,000 account. I will risk only 1% of my account, or $1,000. If I enter the stock at 100 and the 50-day moving average is at 95, that means that my risk is 5 points on the stock (100-95). In that case, I should only buy 200 shares of stock. If I buy 200 shares of stock, and the stock falls 5 points, I will have lost $1,000 or just 1% of my total account size.

The key to making a lot of money is not losing a lot of money in the process.

1. Don’t buy stocks that are hitting 52-week lows. You are most likely catching a falling knife. 
2. Don’t trade penny stocks. They are mostly scams.
3. Don’t short stocks. You will probably get burned. 
4. Don’t trade on margin. Don't borrow to buy stocks. You may lose your house. 
5. Don’t trade other people’s ideas. They probably don’t know what they are doing.