The fMRI employs a magnetic field to collect information about the body. It is one of the most prominent methods in neuroscience for studying the structure of the brain, including differences in the structural characteristics of different people&#39;s brains.
It works with a system that produces images of the brain&#39;s functions that indicates whether the activity of neurons is increased or decreased in specific parts of the brain and under which conditions.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) And How It Works

Health

<ul>
<li>The BOLD signal stands for blood-oxygen-level dependent. This is a brain imaging signal that shows whether the level of oxygen in the parts of the brain increasing or decreasing.</li>
<li>The fMRI is used to explore how brains function with different psychiatric order, it helps identify the connectivity of high or low activity for people with particular conditions, it investigates parts of the brain that supports social processes, and it illuminates the existence of networks of connecting brain areas.</li>
</ul>

More On The fMRI: BOLD Signal And Its Use In Neuroscience

<ul>
<li>The EEG is used to measure the electrical activities of the brain. The process is non-invasive and is done through the scalp with flat metal electrodes.</li>
<li>Though due to its non-invasiveness what it shows is relatively limited, but regardless it is a valuable tool for analyzing brain dynamics over time.</li>
<li>It helps indicate one&#39;s mental processes, mental state, and assists in diagnosing conditions like epilepsy or sleep disorder.</li>
</ul>

Electroencephalography (EEG)

The use of EEG allows further research on the following:
<ul>
<li>Memory processing during sleep</li>
<li>Mental illness</li>
<li>Providing further evidence in the differences in reward processing with those who suffer from mental illness</li>
</ul>
Moreover, the EEG has a mobile version &quot;mobile EEG&quot; that can study brain activities of real-world behaviors like kissing romantic partners.

The Use of EEG In Neuroscience

Emission Computed Tomography is the most invasive method for brain imaging. Its name comes from the emission of radioactive energy by tracers injected into the blood - which is a signature aspect of this approach to understanding the brain.
The two major types of ECT are:
<ul>
<li>Positron Emission Tomography (PET); and</li>
<li>Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)</li>
</ul>
Each of these uses different types of radioactive isotopes and they are monitored in the brain using different tools.

Emission Computed Tomography (ECT)

To use the ECT method is to inject radioactive atoms into the person&#39;s bloodstream and have them circulated into the brain. The energy emitted is monitored by external devices that provide information about their concentration in the brain. Lastly, a mathematical model allows the data on radiation to be translated into information about brain processes.
This method allows researchers to analyze one&#39;s physiological process in ways other forms of brain imaging cannot, and more.

Using Emission Computed Tomography

How do scientists peer into the brain to better understand what is happening, where, and why? By taking advantage of the brain’s electromagnetic properties or by sending radioactive markers into the body, neuroscientists use brain imaging technologies to create detailed pictures of neuronal activity and physiological processes. They can then analyze how the measurements of brain function vary across different situations—as people are prompted to behave, think, or feel in certain ways—or how they vary across individuals. In doing so, researchers gain clues about the brain’s workings and their links to mental illness, cognition, perception, emotion, and the many other facets of mental life.Major types of brain imaging techniques used today include functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and emission computed tomography. Each presents a different sort of neural portrait and each has strengths and limitations. So they are adopted depending on the particular needs of researchers, and sometimes used in combination.<h2>
 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
 </h2>When new findings about the brain are reported based on “brain scans” of human beings, they very frequently involve magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI employs a magnetic field to collect information about the body—it can produce cross-sectional images of various body parts, including the brain. It is the most prominent method in neuroscience for studying the structure of the brain, including differences in the structural characteristics of different people’s brains.Since the 1990s, scientists have widely used MRI to measure changes in the brain’s function as well—a technique called functional MRI (fMRI). This approach equips researchers to analyze the activity levels in specific brain areas from moment to moment, in 3-D, with a relatively high degree of detail.<h3 itemprop="name">
 
 How does fMRI work?
 
 </h3>In MRI, a person lays within a magnetic field produced by a tube-shaped machine. An MRI system makes use of the magnetic properties of atoms within the body to generate detailed, three-dimensional images of the structure of body parts, including the brain. In the case of functional MRI (fMRI), the system produces images of the brain’s function, indicating whether the activity of neurons is increased or decreased in specific parts of the brain, and under what conditions.&nbsp;The images generated in fMRI can show, for example, that there is heightened activity in certain brain areas during cognitive tasks, or while perceiving certain kinds of objects, or when a person does nothing in particular. Moreover, different groups of people (such as those diagnosed with a mental disorder and those with no diagnosis) may show differences in how parts of their brains function under certain conditions. In research that uses fMRI, participants are commonly given tasks to do while their brains are scanned to see how particular kinds of mental activity correspond with the activity of neurons in the brain.<h3 itemprop="name">
 
 What is a BOLD signal?
 
 </h3>In fMRI studies, BOLD stands for blood-oxygen-level-dependent. A BOLD signal is a brain imaging signal that is increased or decreased by the level of oxygen in the blood within any given part of the brain. This signal change is possible because the magnetic properties of blood hemoglobin that lacks oxygen differ from those of oxygenated hemoglobin. Since blood-oxygen levels and blood flow are related to the nearby activity of neurons, a BOLD signal is a useful way to gauge changes in neuronal activity in specific brain areas.<h3 itemprop="name">
 
 What does it mean when part of the brain “lights up” in fMRI?
 
 </h3><h3 itemprop="name">
 
 What are some examples of how fMRI is used in neuroscience? 
 
 </h3><h2>
 Electroencephalography (EEG)
 </h2>Unlike fMRI, which provides an indirect impression of brain cell activity based on blood flow, electroencephalography (EEG) <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/consciousness-self-organization-and-neuroscience/201705/surfing-brainwaves-eeg" dir="ltr">directly measures electrical activity in the brain.</a> EEG measurements are made non-invasively through the scalp, and they are relatively limited in terms of what they show about where in the brain activity has increased or decreased at any given moment. However, EEG captures electrical changes on the order of milliseconds, which makes it a valuable tool for analyzing brain dynamics over time.<h3 itemprop="name">
 
 How does EEG work?
 
 </h3>In EEG, an array of flat metal electrodes are placed on a person’s scalp. These electrodes measure electrical signals that result from the activity of neurons in the cerebral cortex. The readings can provide a picture of voltage change on the scalp over time, including at intervals shorter than one second. EEG measures can be used as indicators of mental processes (such as perception of an image) or states (such as alertness) and can help diagnose conditions such as epilepsy or a sleep disorder. The record of brain activity produced by EEG is called the electroencephalogram.<h3 itemprop="name">
 
 What is an event-related potential (ERP)?
 
 </h3>An event-related potential is a change in the electrical activity of the brain, recorded using EEG during a specific time interval, that occurs in response to an event of interest (such as seeing a word or image). The characteristics of event-related potentials observed under different conditions—when a person recognizes different kinds of words, for example—can provide information about the extent to which the brain processes involved are similar or distinct.<h3 itemprop="name">
 
 What are some examples of how EEG is used in neuroscience?
 
 </h3><h2>
 Emission Computed Tomography
 </h2>Emission computed tomography takes its name from the emission of radioactive energy by tracers injected into the blood—a signature aspect of this approach to understanding the brain. Given that, emission computed tomography is more invasive than other commonly used forms of brain imaging. Like fMRI, it provides a close look at what is happening within different parts of the brain. And in addition to measuring blood flow in the brain, the method has been used to study the brain’s metabolic processes—another way of assessing function.Two major kinds of emission computed tomography are positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Each uses different types of radioactive isotopes and they are monitored in the brain using different tools.<h3 itemprop="name">
 
 How does emission computed tomography work?
 
 </h3>In emission computed tomography, radioactive atoms are injected into a person’s bloodstream and are circulated into the brain. The energy they emit is monitored by external devices, providing information about their concentration in the brain. Based on the type of radioactive tracer used, this process can be used to measure blood flow in the brain or physiological processes such as glucose metabolism or neurotransmitter production. A mathematical model allows the data on radiation to be translated into information about brain processes.<h3 itemprop="name">
 
 What are some examples of how emission computed tomography is used in neuroscience? 
 
 </h3>Positron emission tomography (PET) allows for the analysis of physiological processes in ways other forms of brain imaging do not. For example, PET has been used to measure the amount of a protein related to inflammation <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/neuronarrative/201804/how-untreated-depression-changes-the-brain-over-time" dir="ltr">in people with untreated depression.</a> It also enables researchers to detect the release of a neurotransmitter, such as dopamine, in a specific part of the brain (during activities like <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/your-musical-self/201101/why-listening-music-makes-us-feel-good" dir="ltr">listening to music</a>).

How do scientists peer into the brain to better understand what is happening, where, and why? By taking advantage of the brain’s electromagnetic properties or by sending radioactive markers into the body, neuroscientists use brain imaging technologies to create detailed pictures of neuronal activity and physiological processes. They can then analyze how the measurements of brain function vary across different situations—as people are prompted to behave, think, or feel in certain ways—or how they vary across individuals.

How do scientists peer into the brain to better understand what is happening, where, and why? By taking advantage of the brain’s electromagnetic properties or by sending radioactive markers into the body, neuroscientists use brain imaging technologies to create detailed pictures of neuronal activity and physiological processes. They can then analyze how the measurements of brain function vary across different situations—as people are prompted to behave, think, or feel in certain ways—or how they vary across individuals. In doing so, researchers gain clues about the brain’s workings and their links to mental illness, cognition, perception, emotion, and the many other facets of mental life.

Major types of brain imaging techniques used today include functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and emission computed tomography. Each presents a different sort of neural portrait and each has strengths and limitations. So they are adopted depending on the particular needs of researchers, and sometimes used in combination.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

When new findings about the brain are reported based on “brain scans” of human beings, they very frequently involve magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI employs a magnetic field to collect information about the body—it can produce cross-sectional images of various body parts, including the brain. It is the most prominent method in neuroscience for studying the structure of the brain, including differences in the structural characteristics of different people’s brains.

Since the 1990s, scientists have widely used MRI to measure changes in the brain’s function as well—a technique called functional MRI (fMRI). This approach equips researchers to analyze the activity levels in specific brain areas from moment to moment, in 3-D, with a relatively high degree of detail.

In MRI, a person lays within a magnetic field produced by a tube-shaped machine. An MRI system makes use of the magnetic properties of atoms within the body to generate detailed, three-dimensional images of the structure of body parts, including the brain. In the case of functional MRI (fMRI), the system produces images of the brain’s function, indicating whether the activity of neurons is increased or decreased in specific parts of the brain, and under what conditions.

The images generated in fMRI can show, for example, that there is heightened activity in certain brain areas during cognitive tasks, or while perceiving certain kinds of objects, or when a person does nothing in particular. Moreover, different groups of people (such as those diagnosed with a mental disorder and those with no diagnosis) may show differences in how parts of their brains function under certain conditions. In research that uses fMRI, participants are commonly given tasks to do while their brains are scanned to see how particular kinds of mental activity correspond with the activity of neurons in the brain.

In fMRI studies, BOLD stands for blood-oxygen-level-dependent. A BOLD signal is a brain imaging signal that is increased or decreased by the level of oxygen in the blood within any given part of the brain. This signal change is possible because the magnetic properties of blood hemoglobin that lacks oxygen differ from those of oxygenated hemoglobin. Since blood-oxygen levels and blood flow are related to the nearby activity of neurons, a BOLD signal is a useful way to gauge changes in neuronal activity in specific brain areas.

What does it mean when part of the brain “lights up” in fMRI?

What are some examples of how fMRI is used in neuroscience?

Unlike fMRI, which provides an indirect impression of brain cell activity based on blood flow, electroencephalography (EEG) <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/consciousness-self-organization-and-neuroscience/201705/surfing-brainwaves-eeg">directly measures electrical activity in the brain. </a>EEG measurements are made non-invasively through the scalp, and they are relatively limited in terms of what they show about where in the brain activity has increased or decreased at any given moment. However, EEG captures electrical changes on the order of milliseconds, which makes it a valuable tool for analyzing brain dynamics over time.

In EEG, an array of flat metal electrodes are placed on a person’s scalp. These electrodes measure electrical signals that result from the activity of neurons in the cerebral cortex. The readings can provide a picture of voltage change on the scalp over time, including at intervals shorter than one second. EEG measures can be used as indicators of mental processes (such as perception of an image) or states (such as alertness) and can help diagnose conditions such as epilepsy or a sleep disorder. The record of brain activity produced by EEG is called the electroencephalogram.

What is an event-related potential (ERP)?

An event-related potential is a change in the electrical activity of the brain, recorded using EEG during a specific time interval, that occurs in response to an event of interest (such as seeing a word or image). The characteristics of event-related potentials observed under different conditions—when a person recognizes different kinds of words, for example—can provide information about the extent to which the brain processes involved are similar or distinct.

What are some examples of how EEG is used in neuroscience?

Emission computed tomography takes its name from the emission of radioactive energy by tracers injected into the blood—a signature aspect of this approach to understanding the brain. Given that, emission computed tomography is more invasive than other commonly used forms of brain imaging. Like fMRI, it provides a close look at what is happening within different parts of the brain. And in addition to measuring blood flow in the brain, the method has been used to study the brain’s metabolic processes—another way of assessing function.

Two major kinds of emission computed tomography are positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Each uses different types of radioactive isotopes and they are monitored in the brain using different tools.

How does emission computed tomography work?

In emission computed tomography, radioactive atoms are injected into a person’s bloodstream and are circulated into the brain. The energy they emit is monitored by external devices, providing information about their concentration in the brain. Based on the type of radioactive tracer used, this process can be used to measure blood flow in the brain or physiological processes such as glucose metabolism or neurotransmitter production. A mathematical model allows the data on radiation to be translated into information about brain processes.

What are some examples of how emission computed tomography is used in neuroscience?

Positron emission tomography (PET) allows for the analysis of physiological processes in ways other forms of brain imaging do not. For example, PET has been used to measure the amount of a protein related to inflammation <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/neuronarrative/201804/how-untreated-depression-changes-the-brain-over-time">in people with untreated depression. </a>It also enables researchers to detect the release of a neurotransmitter, such as dopamine, in a specific part of the brain (during activities like <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/your-musical-self/201101/why-listening-music-makes-us-feel-good">listening to music </a>).

.css-d7z4j9{font-family:'Source Sans Pro',sans-serif;font-size:2rem;line-height:2.5rem;letter-spacing:-0.125%;font-weight:700;}Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) And How It Works

How Brain Activity Is Measured