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Many well-known problems of human reasoning disappear once you get a group of people together and let them talk about it.
It's a good way to see your ideas refuted or let stronger ideas win the day. Although there’s a risk of group think and conformity pressures, if you take a large and diverse enough group, you’re more likely to be exposed to the best reasoning, which will tend to win out over the majority opinion.
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...doesn’t happen because you’ve studied some abstract logical form and come to valid deductions.
It happens because you know enough about how the world works to rule out certain possibilities as being unlikely or impossible.
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Researchers identified six predictable levels of critical thinkers:
These are people who don't reflect on thinking nor consider the consequences of not thinking. Their prejudices and misconceptions lead them.
They do not consistently apply standards like accuracy, relevance, precision, and logic.
People at this intellectual stage are aware of the importance of thinking and know that the lack of thinking can result in major issues.
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We overestimate our comprehension of the science.
Part of the problem seems to be that we infer our understanding of scientific text based on how well we have comprehended the language used. This “fluency bias” can also apply to science lectures when it is delivered by an engaging speaker.
One study found that participants were far more likely to support new evidence when it had a graphic visualisation of the correlational evidence than if they had read the same evidence without a graphic.
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Speaking out loud comes out instinctively in many of us while memorizing a text or while developing an idea.
While it may look and sound unusual to the onlookers, speaking to yours...
From Ancient Greece and Rome to 19th century Germany, the idea of using speech as a thinking methodology has been observed and documented.
Constructive thinking requires free speech, as speech then becomes a creative process that gives birth to thoughts.
Positive psychology has a popular tool for self-empowerment: spoken self-affirmation. Self-talk increases one’s involvement in the process and contributes to one’s emotional regulation and motivation.
Popular books on the law of attraction and the power of the subconscious mind highlight the fact that speaking aloud is a direct way of attracting something from the universe, whether it is favourable to us or not.