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Botox are used for many conditions
Injecting Botox or botulinum toxin is the most common cosmetic procedure when looking at aesthetic interventions.
Botox is not just used to treat wrinkles but also spasticity, eye twitch, neck contracture, migraines, an overactive bladder and severe underarm sweating.
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Botox comes from a bacterium
Botox (botulinum toxin) is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Infection with Clostridium botulinum causes a disabling paralytic illness named botulism. Botulism first paralyzes the face, mouth, and throat muscles before spreading to other parts of the body. When breathing is affected, the person can die.
Clostridium botulinum comes in eight serotypes -A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F, and G. Only A and B are used in clinical preparations.
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How botox works
When botulinum toxin is injected into the muscle, it spreads to the nerve terminal and prevents a neurotransmitter from releasing, stopping muscle activity. This site-specific paralysis smoothes wrinkles and stops spasms. Botulinum toxin also prevents the release of pain and inflammatory mediators - an effective way to treat migraines.
But the effects of botulinum toxin wear off. The nerves take about 120 days before it regenerates, explaining why people sometimes get serial treatments.
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The origins of botox
Belgian scientist Emile Pierre van Ermengem discovered Clostridium botulinum after a botulism outbreak in Belgium. In the 1920s, scientists tried to isolate botulinum toxin, but it took another 20 years before it was isolated in crystalline.
In the 1970s, scientists tested a treatment for strabismus (crossed eyes) on monkeys and noticed reduced wrinkles in the skin between the eyebrows and above the nose. After the toxin proved successful, Allergan licensed the treatment and branded it Botox.
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