<ul><li>Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen that are plentiful in our solar system. Planets furthest from the Sun, like Jupiter and Saturn, have more water than planets closer to the Sun, like Earth, Mercury and Mars.</li><li>Planets of the outer solar system have several icy moons, such as Europa, which is covered by a layer of ice several kilometres thick.</li><li>Enceladus, one of Saturn's moons, contains cryovolcanoes on its southern polar region. It spews ice instead of magma.</li></ul>

Ice on other planets

Greenland's ice sheet is the second largest ice mass on Earth after the Antarctic ice sheet. It contains 10 percent of the world's glacial ice, and it's melting at a whopping 8000 tons per second. More than two-thirds of Earth's fresh water is stored in glaciers. The loss of all the ice from melting glaciers will affect the global water cycle and considerably impact water supply and quality, energy generation, and incidences of extreme weather.

Melting glaciers

Climatologists drill cylinder-shaped samples of ice from glaciers, then analyse the dust, minerals, ash, gas bubbles, and pollutants that have collected in snow for millennia. They use this data to determine details about forest fires, volcanic activity, sea ice extent, solar variability, atmospheric circulation and can predict future climatic conditions.

Ice cores reveals a fascinating history of Earth

Water and ice are made of the same stuff. In water, molecules can fill in gaps and pack themselves more tightly, while ice is less dense and therefore able to float on water. However, heavy water ice sinks. (Hydrogen atoms have a proton and a neutron, but only a proton in normal hydrogen.) It may be because heavier hydrogen atoms cause the water molecules to become heavier, and the hydrogens form stronger bonds.

Water is usually denser than ice

Ice provides most of the world's fresh water supply, keeps sea levels from rising dangerously, and gives us important information about past and future climate. Ice on Earth is named cryosphere - the frozen water part of the Earth system. It includes all types of frozen water, including permafrost, which is soil that has been frozen for extended periods.

The cryosphere - ice on earth

Ice storms happen when snow enters a warm layer of the atmosphere and melts into raindrops. Then it passes through a cold layer of air. As the rain falls through the thin cold layer, it immediately turns to ice, resulting in a thick coating of ice that turns sidewalks and roads into skating rinks. The thickened ice on power lines and trees can snap cables and branches, leading to widespread power outages and falling tree limbs.

How ice storms happen

The most effective method to prevent food from spoiling was to preserve food with blocks of ice. In the early 1800s, ice harvesting was an industry where horse-drawn ice cutters pulled thick ice blocks from frozen lakes for use in insulated ice houses and cellars. By the late 19th century, household iceboxes were common. Later it was replaced by the modern electric refrigerator.

Using ice for food preservation

Icebergs and glaciers often appear blueish green. This is because the air bubbles that accumulate on top of an iceberg get compressed, and more light penetrates the ice. Longer colour wavelengths like red and yellow get absorbed by the ice, while shorter wavelengths of colour like blue and green reflect the light.

Icebergs and glaciers

It's summer. Time to think about the science of the cubes clinking in your drink.

The cryosphere - ice on earth

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