It involves being able to see the point of view of someone you usually consider to be part of an outgroup.

Although similar, perspective-taking is not the same as empathy. Empathy falls short in trying to reduce polarization. In fact, empathy appeared to make things worse.

Empathic concern is an emotional form of empathy, which is based on our gut responses.

Many conflicts take place across international borders. To see the situation from the point of view of adversaries, both perspective taking and perspective giving should be present.