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Gael V.
@gae_v317
Statistics
This is an invaluable tool for the fields of biology, medicine, economics, arts and humanities and the administrative services of the government.
Statistics provides useful tools, but those calculations and assumptions are based on certain constants that can lead to serious mistakes if taken too literally or applied to a large size. These calculations provide usable figures in a ‘quick and dirty’ way.
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Kinsley
@kin81
Real and self-appointed experts
The rise of social media means that experts willing to share their knowledge are more accessible to the public. One might think that communication between experts and decision-make...
How experts compete
Real experts are often confident in their claims, but in the private market, the opposite can be more common.
- Self-appointed experts want airtime and overstate their conclusions.
- Actual experts want to draw attention to their work. They may not have all the answers and may admit it.
- Consultants want future business. They have to try to pretend they have complete certainty about uncertain things.
Mixing the information of the pundit, scholar, and consultant creates information noise that makes it difficult for decision-makers to know what to do.
Three kinds of questions for scientific knowledge
When communicating scientific knowledge to policymakers and the public, there are three levels of questions:
- Level-one questions: Anyone with even modest expertise or access to a search engine can answer these questions. For example, 'Will price controls cause shortages?'
- Level-two questions: Only the most qualified experts, within existing paradigms of scholarly knowledge, have something to say. For example, 'Can we design algorithms to assign medical residents to programmes in an effective way?'
- Level-three questions: Even the experts don't know the answers, such as what interest rates will be in two years.
Weston I.
@weston_fii793
The history of "creativity"
- Creativity, as a power belonging to an individual, doesn't go back very far. The first recorded usage of the word creativity came from the Oxford English Dictionary in t...
Original and productive thought
- During the 19th and 20th centuries, categories such as original and productive thought were reworked as mundane, manifestations of ordinary abilities, as competences that do not belong to an endowed individual.
- French biologist Louis Pasteur said in 1854 on originality as a special gift: 'Fortune favours the prepared mind.'
- In 1903, American inventor Thomas Edison said of genius that it is '1 per cent inspiration, 99 per cent perspiration'.
- Albert Einstein thought it intellectually and morally wrong to attribute gifts to people like him. 'It strikes me as unfair, and even in bad taste, to select a few for boundless admiration, attributing superhuman powers of mind and character to them.'
Original work in the world of commerce
In the early 20th century, original work entered the world of commerce. Chemical, pharmaceutical and electrical companies hired large numbers of academically trained scientists, believing that innovation was vital to commercial success and that science belonged in commercial organisations.
Companies such as General Electric and Eastman Kodak didn't think creative and productive work had anything to do with hiring awkward geniuses but with finding the organisational forms that allowed ordinary people to achieve extraordinary things.
Nicholas J.
@nicij783
Secrets of the Creative Brain
Early History
The connection between genius and possible insanity was first documented in 1891 in the Italian physicians’ book The Man Of Genius.
In 1869, this was taken up by the cousin of Charles Darwi...
Genius and Heredity
In a 1904 study by English physician Havelock Ellis, a list was made of 1030 individuals through extensive research, examining thoroughly the intellectual distinction people had by the various factors like heredity, general health, and social class.
These works established that genius minds are often hereditary.
Genetic Studies Of Genius
A body of work of Stanford psychologist Lewis M. Terman, was an in-depth multi-decade study of gifted individuals, and an attempt to improve the measurement of genius and its association with the degradation of mental stability. This also included an enhanced version of the French IQ (Intelligence Quotient) test.
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