deepstash
Beta
Who Invented the Refrigerator? | Live Science
Refrigerators of the future
New technologies in refrigeration include solid-state refrigerators and refrigerators that use magnets.
- Solid-state refrigerators use the refrigerator's entire surface to slowly get rid of the heat. Solid-state refrigerators are also free from harmful materials and loud operations.
- Refrigerators that use magnets provide a vibration-free, silent, environmentally friendly refrigerator. It uses a magnetocaloric heat pump (using a material that heats up in a magnetic field and cools down when it is not) with water-based coolant. It also uses up to 35 percent less power than traditional refrigerators.
61 SAVES
This is a professional note extracted from an online article.
Read more efficiently
Save what inspires you
Remember anything
IDEA EXTRACTED FROM:
5
Key Ideas
The history of refrigeration
Refrigeration is the action of creating cooling conditions by removing heat. It is used for preserving food by slowing bacteria growth.
- Around 1000BC, the Chinese used to cut and store ice.
- Five hundred years later, the Egyptians and Indians left earthenware pots out during cold nights to make ice.
- In the 17th century, it was found that saltpeter dissolved in water creates cooling conditions.
- In the 18th century, Europeans collected ice in winter, salted it, wrapped it in flannel, and stored it underground for months. Ice was even shipped around the world.
- People also used cool cellars or placed goods underwater.
- Others built ice boxes out of wood, lined with tin or zinc, and insulated with cork, sawdust, or seaweed, and filled with snow or ice.
Evaporative cooling
- 1720s. Scottish doctor William Cullen saw that evaporation had a cooling effect.
- 1748. Cullen demonstrated his ideas by evaporating ethyl ether in a vacuum.
- 1805. Oliver Evans designed a refrigeration machine that used vapor instead of liquid.
- 1820. English scientist Micahel Faraday used liquefied ammonia for cooling.
- 1835. Jacob Perkins, who worked with Evans, patented a vapor-compression cycle using liquid ammonia.
- 1842. John Gorrie, an American doctor, built a machine similar to Evans's design to artificially create ice and cool down patients with yellow fever.
- New and improved refrigeration ideas continued to be developed, including Albert Einstein's idea of an environmentally friendly refrigerator with no moving parts that did not rely on electricity.
- By 1920, refrigerators were considered essential in American homes.
How refrigerators work
Refrigerators today work by evaporating liquids.
The liquids are pushed through the refrigerator through tubes and begin to vaporize. As the liquids evaporate, they carry heat away with them as the gases travel to a coil outside the refrigerator. Here the heat is released. The gases return to a compressor, where they become liquid again, restarting the cycle.
Refrigerator safety
- The first refrigerators contained flammable, toxic, and highly reactive liquids and gasses.
- Most refrigerators use hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are safer than Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). CFCs are known to be harmful to the ozone layer.
- Refrigerators should be set at a maximum of 40 degrees Fahrenheit (4.4 degrees Celsius) to prevent food contamination.
Refrigerators of the future
New technologies in refrigeration include solid-state refrigerators and refrigerators that use magnets.
- Solid-state refrigerators use the refrigerator's entire surface to slowly get rid of the heat. Solid-state refrigerators are also free from harmful materials and loud operations.
- Refrigerators that use magnets provide a vibration-free, silent, environmentally friendly refrigerator. It uses a magnetocaloric heat pump (using a material that heats up in a magnetic field and cools down when it is not) with water-based coolant. It also uses up to 35 percent less power than traditional refrigerators.
SIMILAR ARTICLES & IDEAS:
My Red Is Your Blue
About 1 per cent of American men suffer from red-green colour blindness.
Recent experiments challenge the accepted notion that all of us have the same default perception o...
The Calculations Of Light
- The colour-sensitive receptors that humans have, called melanopsin, measure the amount of blue or yellow light in the atmosphere and likewise regulate our circadian rhythm.
- Human beings have Cone Cells, which are of three types, Red, Blue, and Green, and have evolved much later than the receptors in the brain.
Colour Is A Private Sensation
- Research proves that the universal emotional responses that we have when we see a colour tend to be the same, even if the actual colour is different, as our conscious perception of those colours varies.
- The day-night cycle of living things is impacted by the ambient light, where the morning yellow light awakens us or makes us feel happy, and the dominance of blue light at night makes us feel sleepy.
Bad at delegating
There is a situation where your manager will assign you a project but not give enough instruction, hoping you will just figure it out. When the project is mostly completed, your manager may finally...
Leaving out the guesswork
Your manager may not put in the effort up front to articulate the expectations she/he has so that you're on the same page from the start. It may leave you guessing what successful completion might look like, and then frustrate you both when you think wrong.
To be fair, at a certain level of seniority, it becomes more reasonable for a manager to expect you to know what you're doing and work out the details by yourself. But even then, a good manager knows when to invest the time to get more aligned on those things.
Dealing with a lack of direction
- Name the issue. Your manager might already be aware of the problem.
- If your boss wants you to take more ownership, you can say that you want to take more ownership for your projects but that you want to do so with confidence knowing what she/he is envisioning.
- You may have to draw those details out of your boss with each new assignment.
- Once you get started on the work, consider giving an early view of your work to your manager, to have a chance to be provided with input early on.
- It may take a few rounds to figure out exactly what something should be.
3
Key Ideas
Sleep And Exercise
While it is well known that sleep and exercise are important, it is equally important to take it easy and not give yourself a hard time.
Certain things in life, nature, birds, cats and dogs,...
Ups And Downs
Understand that life is cyclic, and ups and downs are a part of our daily existence.
Trusting yourself is essential, and if you find there is a problem that you need to address, don't be afraid to seek help. If you feel you are miserable constantly, you can get therapy for an unbiased diagnosis and treatment.
Ways To Be Happy
- Writing is therapy, and listing out what we are grateful for, on a daily basis amplifies our happiness about the good things in our lives.
- Eating healthy and unprocessed food, like fruits and vegetables makes our body and mind happy.
- Nature is pure delight, and even being next to a tree can provide a silent kind of happiness.
The effects of the unlucky charm
Research shows that lucky charms have real, positive effects. But unlucky things have their own kind of power.
The story behind a physical item we own matters
Assigning luck to an object
There are generally three ways we give luck to an object.
- Through association: A penny you had the day you met your partner.
- Through symbolism: Like a sock with four-leaf clovers or black cats printed on them.
- Magical contagion: The idea that there is some essence or physical property that can rub off from contacting it.
Bad associations
According to research, secondhand engagement rings are much less likely to sell if the listing indicated that the previous owner had been through a divorce or a broken engagement. One explanation is that we believe that various properties can be transmitted through contact.
Sometimes, you create the story yourself. The item has to be prominent in the situation. But if the item is branded as unlucky, it's hard to forget the association.
Phone Interviews
Phone interviews are efficient time savers for both the candidate and the employer.
Initially considered a screening round for the benefit of the employer, a phone interview also helps the ...
Phone Interviews: A Level Playing Field
In-person interviews tend to focus less on the skills and experience, and more on who is more cordial or great to talk to. It does help build rapport in some cases, but also promotes an invisible bias towards the candidate’s race, gender, class and other factors unrelated to the job performance.
Phone Interviews level the playing field and let both the parties focus on the essential.
Building Rapport During Phone Interviews
A phone interview can also be used to build rapport, but instead of small talk, one can build up on the conversation, avoiding stiff, rehearsed responses to whatever the employer is asking.
If the conversation is genuine, one can easily connect with the employer on a human level.
4 more ideas
4
Key Ideas
Happiness and emotional diversity
While most of us believe that happiness is the key to a long and healthy life, meaning first and foremost a life without stress, recent studies have shown that actually, it is emotional diversity t...
Emotional diversity experiments
In a recent study, focused on measuring the systematic inflammation, a large number of participants were asked to rate the extent to which they had experienced both positive and negative emotions throughout the day, for 30 days. As a result, the people who experienced a wider range of positive emotions were also the ones who had the lowest rates of inflammation.
Emodiversity and its benefits
Experiencing both negative and positive emotions can lead to better mental and physical health.
Furthermore, the chances to get depression or even bad habits seem to be smaller in this particular case when compared to individuals who experience only positive emotions.
one more idea