<ul>
<li>Realistic hope: It is hope for an outcome that is reasonable and possible. For example, hope for ease from chronic pain, knowing that complete eradication is unrealistic.</li>
<li>Utopian hope: It is a collectively oriented hope that combined action can lead to a better future for everyone.</li>
<li>Chosen hope: Hope helps us live with a problematic present in an uncertain future. Choosing hope for the smallest range of goals is essential to control negative emotions.</li>
<li>Transcendent hope, or existential hope, is the hope that is not tied to a specific outcome, but a general hope that something good can happen.</li>
</ul>

4 Types of Hope

Hope interventions focus on improving happiness, well-being, and positive cognition. It is very valuable for the following types:
<ul>
<li>People who are experiencing a loss of control - the skidding effect.</li>
<li>People who are experiencing a sense of hopelessness from failure or loss - the bruising effect.</li>
<li>People who seem to have tried everything but find themselves back where they started - the boomerang effect.</li>
<li>Individuals who feel like no one understands them and find it difficult to connect with others - the alien effect.</li>
</ul>

Hope interventions

<ul>
<li>Hope and optimism. Optimism is a positive attitude about a future event that is probable while being hopeful is more realistic. A hopeful individual recognizes that life may work out differently, but continues to remain positive.</li>
<li>A potential pitfall of hope is that people can repeatedly fail to change aspects of their behavior, leading to a cycle of failure characterized by unrealistic expectations.</li>
<li>Hope is not the same as wishful thinking. Wishful thinking does not involve any plan on how to accomplish change, while hope involves a commitment to seeking future outcomes.</li>
<li>Desire and hope. Desire is more open-ended and less directed than hope. Hope can evoke a future-oriented willingness to achieve a goal.</li>
<li>The biggest enemy of hope is an inability to affect the kind of change people desire in their lives.</li>
</ul>

Common Ideas About Hope

<ul>
<li>Create a hope map to develop clear and exciting goals and actions that will help in the pursuit of the goal, identifying and overcoming possible barriers, and maintaining motivation.</li>
<li>Keep a hope journal. Writing about challenges, what gives hope, and what could potentially give hope can highlight the factors that can interfere with developing a more hopeful outlook.</li>
<li>Explore beliefs about hope. What does it mean to have hope? What are the benefits of having hope? </li>
<li>Think about internal movie. Write a short internal movie in which a chosen goal is the main character. Visualise the obstacles that may occur during the process of achieving that goal to encourage finding alternative pathways around and through challenges.</li>
</ul>

Ideas for Increasing Hope

Hope is a positive cognitive state based on determination and planning to meet a goal successfully. It consists of three things:
<ul>
<li>Goals thinking : the ability to create goals.</li>
<li>Pathways thinking : the capacity to plan specific strategies to reach those goals.</li>
<li>Agency thinking : the ability to stay motivated for using those strategies.</li>
</ul>
According to psychologist Charles Snyder, hope is in the context of doing (the capacity to achieve goals), not in the realm of being.

Describing Hope

The State Hope Scale was designed to assess an individual's momentary goal-directed thinking.
It has a 6 item self-report, and respondents have to rate items based on how they think about themselves. (from 1 - definitely false to 8 - definitely true.)

The State Hope Scale (SHS)

<ul>
<li>Hope correlates with high academic and athletic performance, greater physical and psychological well-being, better self-esteem, and increased relationships.</li>
<li>Hope can enhance well-being over time.</li>
<li>Hope results in the person viewing stressful situations as a challenge rather than a threat.</li>
<li>Hope can be seen as creating a buffer against chronic anxiety.</li>
<li>Hope is a motivational factor that sustains actions toward long-term goals. </li>
<li>Hope is positively related to overall life satisfaction.</li>
<li>Hope motivates individuals to maintain their positive involvement in life despite any limitations they may have.</li>
</ul>

Being Hopeful: Benefits

With hope therapy, instead of dwelling on the unpleasant factors, it incorporates positive self-talking, thinking of the future in a more positive way, and connections with supportive networks.
Historically, psychology tried to treat mental illness by reducing negative symptoms. Positive psychology focuses on increasing well-being.

Hope Therapy

<ul>
<li>The Children’s Hope Scale (CHS) is designed to measure the overall hopeful thinking in children between the ages of 8 - 16.</li>
<li>The Herth Hope Scale (HHS) is designed to capture the multidimensional aspects of hope. It measures three dimensions of hope: cognitive-temporal, affective behavioral, and affiliative-contextual.</li>
<li>The Miller Hope Scale (MHS) was developed to measure hope in individuals who survived a critical illness. The items are divided into three components: Satisfaction with self, others, and life; Avoidance of threats to hope such as withdrawal from life; Anticipation of a future.</li>
</ul>

Hope Tests and Assessments

HHI is developed to measure a total, non-time oriented sense of hope. The Herth Hope Index consists of three dimensions:
<ul>
<li>Temporality and future - creating goals and a positive outlook on life and not a fear of the future.</li>
<li>Positive readiness and expectancy - a sense of direction.</li>
<li>Interconnectedness - a sense of giving and receiving love instead of a feeling of isolation.</li>
</ul>

The Herth Hope Index (HHI)

AHS is a 12-item measure of hope for people over 15 years of age. Two sub-scales of the 12-item measure of hope are: 
<ul>
<li>Agency thinking (goal-directed energy). Scores can range from 4 to 32 points. The higher numbers reflect a higher amount of goal-directed energy.</li>
<li>Pathways thinking (planning to accomplish goals.) Scores also range from 4 to 32 points. The higher numbers indicate a greater ability for planning to achieve goals.</li>
</ul>
4 of the 12 items measure pathways thinking, 4 items measure agency thinking, and 4 items are fillers.

The Adult Hope Scale (AHS)

Hope Therapy is borne from pure positive psychology as the strategies of this give primacy to increasing well-being, rather than ‘treating’ illness.

Describing Hope

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