1. Deejaying scratch and mix
2. Rapping, also known as “MCing” (emceeing) “rhyming”
3. Graffiti artists that draw and write
4. Break dancing, or “B-boying”
5. A fifth element is Knowledge of Self - the drive for self-awareness and social-consciousness.

This accessibility and inclusivity make hip hop an effective therapeutic tool as it provides a way to build rapport between client and therapist. The lyrical content enables therapists to access hard to talk about topics.

Hip Hop culture and rap have been associated with negative connotations, equating them with profanity, misogyny, violence and crime.

The lyrical content of hip hop is confronting and often includes the glorification of violence, substance use, and gender discrimination. But, at its...