Remember that categories are misleading. So question your categories.<ul><li>Look for differences within groups. Especially when the groups are large, look for ways to split them into smaller, more precise categories</li><li>Look for similarities across groups.</li><li>Look for differences across groups. Do not assume that what applies for one group applies for another /</li><li>Beware of “the majority.” Ask whether it means 51 percent, 99 percent, or something in between.</li><li>Beware of vivid examples. They are easier to recall but they might be the exception rather than the rule.</li><li>When something looks strange, be curious and humble.</li></ul>

How To Control The Generalization Instinct

“The image of a dangerous world has never been broadcast more effectively than it is now, while the world has never been less violent and more safe.”

It's true that the world population is increasing. Very fast. But it’s not just increasing. The “just” implies that, if nothing is done, the population will just keep on growing. It implies that some drastic action is needed in order to stop the growth. That is the misconception based on our instinct to assume that lines are straight.

The " World
Population Is Just Increasing" Misconception 

The size instinct describes our tendency to get things out of proportion, or misjudge the size of things.To avoid getting things out of proportion you need only these tools: comparing and dividing:<ul><li>Compare. Big numbers always look big. Single numbers on their own are misleading and should make you suspicious. Always look for comparisons.</li><li>Divide. Amounts and rates can tell very different stories. Rates are more meaningful, especially when comparing between different-sized groups. In particular, look for rates per person when comparing between countries or regions.</li></ul>

The Size Instinct

"For the first time in world history, data exists for almost every aspect of global development. And yet, because of our dramatic instincts and the way the media must tap into them to grab our attention, we continue to have an overdramatic worldview. Of all our dramatic instincts, it seems to be the fear instinct that most strongly influences what information gets selected by news producers and presented to us consumers."

The urgency instinct describes our tendency to take immediate action in the face of perceived imminent danger, and in doing so, amplifying our other instincts.To control the urgency instinct, take small steps.<ul><li>Take a breath. When your urgency instinct is triggered, your other instincts kick in and your analysis shuts down. Ask for more time and more information.</li><li>Be wary of drastic action. Ask what the side effects will be. Ask how the idea has been tested.</li></ul>

The Urgency Instinct

The negativity instinct describes our tendency to notice the bad more than the good.So when you hear about something terrible, calm yourself by asking, If there had been an equally large positive improvement, would I have heard about that?

The Negativity Instinct

“Step-by-step, year-by-year, the world is improving. Not on every single measure every single year, but as a rule. Though the world faces huge challenges, we have made tremendous progress. This is the fact-based worldview.”

Remember that information about bad events is much more likely to reach us. Expect bad news.<ul><li>Better and bad. Practice distinguishing between a level (e.g., bad) and a direction of change (e.g., better). Convince yourself that things can be both better and bad.</li><li>Good news is not news. Good news is almost never reported. When you see bad news, ask whether equally, positive news would have reached you.</li><li>Gradual improvement is not news. When a trend is gradually improving, with periodic dips, you are more likely to notice the dips than the overall improvement.</li><li>More news does not equal more suffering</li></ul>

How To Control The Negativity Instinct

“Critical thinking is always difficult, but it’s almost impossible when we are scared. There’s no room for facts when our minds are occupied by fear.”

A single perspective can limit your imagination; look at problems from many angles to get a more accurate understanding and find practical solutions.<ul><li>Test your ideas. Have people who disagree with you test your ideas and find their weaknesses.</li><li>Limited expertise. Don’t claim expertise beyond your field: be humble about what you don’t know. Be aware too of the limits of the expertise of others.</li><li>Be open to ideas from other fields.</li><li>Welcome complexity. History is full of visionaries who used simple utopian visions to justify terrible actions. Combine ideas. Compromise.</li></ul>

The Single Perspective Instinct

"Human beings have a strong dramatic instinct toward binary thinking, a basic urge to divide things into two distinct groups, with nothing but an empty gap in between. We love to dichotomize. Good versus bad. Heroes versus villains. My country versus the rest. Dividing the world into two distinct sides is simple and intuitive, and also dramatic because it implies conflict, and we do it without thinking, all the time."

<ul><li>This instinct can make us mistakenly group together things that are actually very different. </li><li>It can make us assume everything or everyone in one category is similar. </li><li>It can make us jump to conclusions about a whole category based on a few, or even just one, unusual example.</li></ul>

The Generalization Instinct

The fear instinct describes our tendency to pay more attention to frightening things.These fears are hardwired deep in our brains for obvious evolutionary reasons. Fears of physical harm, captivity, and poison once helped our ancestors survive. In modern times, perceptions of these dangers still trigger our fear instinct.

The Fear Instinct

<ul><li>This is that irresistible temptation we have to divide all kinds of things into two distinct and often conflicting groups, with an imagined gap in between.</li><li>The gap instinct makes us imagine division where there is just a smooth range, differences where there is convergence, and conflicts where there is agreement.</li><li>The gap instinct creates a picture in people’s heads of a world split into two kinds of countries or two kinds of people: rich versus poor.</li></ul>

The Gap Instinct

The blame instinct describes our tendency to find a clear, simple reason for why something bad has happened.<ul><li>To control the blame instinct, resist finding a scapegoat. Look for causes, not villains. Accept that bad things can happen without anyone intending them to. </li><li>Look for systems, not heroes. When someone claims to have caused something good, ask whether the outcome might have happened anyway, even if that individual had done nothing. </li></ul>

The Blame Instinct

This is the idea that innate characteristics determine the destinies of people, countries, religions, or cultures. It’s the idea that things are as they are for ineluctable, inescapable reasons: they have always been this way and will never change.Remember that many things (people, countries, religions, and cultures) appear to be constant just because the change is happening slowly, and remember that even small, slow changes gradually add up to big changes.

The Destiny Instinct

This instinct describes our tendency to assume that a line will just continue straight and ignoring that such lines are rare in reality.But don’t assume straight lines. Many trends do not follow straight lines but are S-bends, slides, humps, or double lines. No child ever kept up the rate of growth it achieved in its first six months, and no parents would expect it to.

The Straight Line Instinct

Recognize when frightening things get your attention, and remember that these are not necessarily the riskiest. Calculate the risks.<ul><li>The scary world: fear vs. reality. The world seems scarier than it is because what you hear about it has been selected precisely because it is scary.</li><li>Risk = danger × exposure. How dangerous is something? And how much are you exposed to it?</li><li>When you are afraid, you see the world differently. Make as few decisions as possible until the panic has subsided.</li></ul>

How To Control The Fear Instinct

Rember that reality is often not polarized at all. To control the gap instinct, look for the majority.<ul><li>Beware comparisons of averages. If you could check the spreads you would probably find they overlap. There is probably no gap at all.</li><li>Beware comparisons of extremes. In all groups, there are some at the top and some at the bottom. But even when the difference is extremely unfair, the majority is usually somewhere in between, right where the gap is supposed to be.</li><li>The view from up here. Remember, looking down from above distorts the view. Everything else looks equally short, but it’s not.</li></ul>

How To Control The Instinct Gap

“One of the most important books I’ve ever read—an indispensable guide to thinking clearly about the world.” – Bill Gates “Hans Rosling tells thestory of ‘the secret silent miracle of human progress’ as only he can. But Factfulness does much more than that. It also explains why progress is so often secret and silent and teaches readershow to see it clearly.” —Melinda Gates Factfulness: The stress-reducing habit of only carrying opinions for which you have strong supporting facts. When asked simple questions about global trends—what percentage of the world’s population live in poverty; why the world’s population is increasing; how many girls finish school—we systematically get the answers wrong. So wrong that a chimpanzee choosing answers at random will consistently outguess teachers, journalists, Nobel laureates, and investment bankers. In Factfulness, Professor of International Health and global TED phenomenon Hans Rosling, together with his two long-time collaborators, Anna and Ola, offers a radical new explanation of why this happens. They reveal the ten instincts that distort our perspective—from our tendency to divide the world into two camps (usually some version of us and them) to the way we consume media (where fear rules) to how we perceive progress (believing that most things are getting worse). Our problem is that we don’t know what we don’t know, and even our guesses are informed by unconscious and predictable biases. It turns out that the world, for all its imperfections, is in a much better state than we might think. That doesn’t mean there aren’t real concerns. But when we worry about everything all the time instead of embracing a worldview based on facts, we can lose our ability to focus on the things that threaten us most. Inspiring and revelatory, filled with lively anecdotes and moving stories, Factfulness is an urgent and essential book that will change the way you see the world and empower you to respond to the crises and opportunities of the future. --- “This book is my last battle in my life-long mission to fight devastating ignorance...Previously I armed myself with huge data sets, eye-opening software, an energetic learning style and a Swedish bayonet for sword-swallowing. It wasn’t enough. But I hope this book will be.” Hans Rosling, February 2017.

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INSTANT NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER “One of the most important books I’ve ever read—an indispensable guide to thinking clearly about the world.” – Bill Gates “Hans Rosling tells the story of ‘the secret silent miracle of human progress’ as only he can. But Factfulness does much more than that. It also explains why progress is so often secret and silent and teaches readers how to see it clearly.” —Melinda Gates "Factfulness by Hans Rosling, an outstanding international public health expert, is a hopeful book about the potential for human progress when we work off facts rather than our inherent biases." - Former U.S. President Barack Obama Factfulness: The stress-reducing habit of only carrying opinions for which you have strong supporting facts. When asked simple questions about global trends—what percentage of the world’s population live in poverty; why the world’s population is increasing; how many girls finish school—we systematically get the answers wrong. So wrong that a chimpanzee choosing answers at random will consistently outguess teachers, journalists, Nobel laureates, and investment bankers. In Factfulness, Professor of International Health and global TED phenomenon Hans Rosling, together with his two long-time collaborators, Anna and Ola, offers a radical new explanation of why this happens. They reveal the ten instincts that distort our perspective—from our tendency to divide the world into two camps (usually some version of us and them) to the way we consume media (where fear rules) to how we perceive progress (believing that most things are getting worse). Our problem is that we don’t know what we don’t know, and even our guesses are informed by unconscious and predictable biases. It turns out that the world, for all its imperfections, is in a much better state than we might think. That doesn’t mean there aren’t real concerns. But when we worry about everything all the time instead of embracing a worldview based on facts, we can lose our ability to focus on the things that threaten us most. Inspiring and revelatory, filled with lively anecdotes and moving stories, Factfulness is an urgent and essential book that will change the way you see the world and empower you to respond to the crises and opportunities of the future. --- “This book is my last battle in my life-long mission to fight devastating ignorance...Previously I armed myself with huge data sets, eye-opening software, an energetic learning style and a Swedish bayonet for sword-swallowing. It wasn’t enough. But I hope this book will be.” Hans Rosling, February 2017.

Hans Rosling (1948 – 2017) was a Swedish physician, academic, statistician, and public speaker.He was the Professor of International Health at Karolinska Institute and was the co-founder and chairman of the Gapminder Foundation, which developed the Trendalyzer software. He held presentations around the world, including several TED Talks in which he promoted the use of data to explore development issues.

Hans Rosling

Ola Rosling is an accomplished writer whose work has resonated with readers around the world. Ola Rosling has published several books that explore a range of topics, from fiction to nonfiction, and has received critical acclaim for the ability to weave compelling narratives. Ola Rosling's writing style is known for its depth and authenticity, and has earned quite a loyal following of readers.

Ola Rosling

Anna Rosling Rönnlund is an accomplished writer whose work has resonated with readers around the world. Anna Rosling Rönnlund has published several books that explore a range of topics, from fiction to nonfiction, and has received critical acclaim for the ability to weave compelling narratives. Anna Rosling Rönnlund's writing style is known for its depth and authenticity, and has earned quite a loyal following of readers.

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