Socrates is sleeping peacefully in jail, Crito arrives very early because he is distraught. Socrates is at peace with what he has done and what is going to happen to him (he has a death sentence), while Crito is worried and upset.(For context, in apology Socrates put in prison for two reason. Impiety or failure to respect the God/s And Corrupting the young.)

Crito is a student of Socrates and an old friend. He wants to help Socrates to escape the prison and flee Athens.

Crito argues that it is feasible: Crito and other friends have the money needed to bribe jailers and arrange for escape, and Crito has friends in another city state where Socrates can go.Socrates replied: Just because something can be done does not mean that it should be done. We need to investigate and look for reasons. Only if there is sufficient reason/a good argument for escaping should it be done.Crito is still trying his best to convince Socrates to escape.

On Can be and Should be

Crito argues that they will be look bad by the public: The masses will look down on the friends of Socrates and think that they were not willing to put up money in order to save the life of their friend.Socrates replied Public Opinion is totally irrelevant. Then show crito why it is irrelevant:

On Public Opinion

Socrates: do you agree that we should only pay attention to good opinions and bad opinions are likely to bring harm.Crito: Yes.Socrates: do you agree that it is generally not the masses who have expert opinions but only the few.Crito: Yes.Socrates: So in this case we should only follow the opinion of those who are experts on or at least have thought sufficiently and logically about the issue, as the public is unlikely to have done.

Crito didn't stop to convince Socrates and states that it is Unjust Not to Escape for two reason:1. It will involve abandoning your children.2. It is playing into the enemy’s hand—doing exactly what the unjust opposition wants.

On Just and Unjust

Socrates replied to each statement and argues that it is Unjust to Escape. One argument for "abandoning your child" and two argument for "playing into the enemy's hand."

1. Socrates argues that it will make no harm to children: Even if I escape, children will be no better off than if I am put to death. For either they will be forced into exile with me or they will be left behind without me. In either case, they are no better off than if I am put to death. And anyway, my friends will take care of their well being.

On Abandoning His Child

Argument from PaternalismArgument from Social Contract

The Laws Arguments

Premise 1: The State has been like a parent to me—taking care of my safety, needs, and education.Premise 2: We owe our parents our obedience.Conclusion 1: So I owe the State my obedience.Premise 3: It would be unjust to disregard what I owe.Conclusion 2: So it would be unjust to disobey the State by escaping.

Argument from Paternalism

Premise 1: I entered freely into an agreement with the State, I would obey the laws if it took care of me. I could have left any time I wanted but I chose to stay.Premise 2: To disobey the State now and escape would be to break that contract.Premise 3: It is unjust to break a contract.Conclusion: So it would be unjust of me to escape.

Argument from Social Contract

In the end Socrates chooses to abide by the laws of Athens and refuses to escape. Crito does not succeed in convincing Socrates and remain speechless.

In Plato's Dialogue "Crito" is considered as the Shortest and the most intimate dialogue, It is just the conversation between two people, old friend Socrates and Crito.

Crito is a dialogue by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. It depicts a conversation between Socrates and his wealthy friend Crito regarding justice, injustice, and the appropriate response to injustice. Socrates thinks that injustice may not be answered with injustice, and refuses Crito's offer to finance his escape from prison. The dialogue contains an ancient statement of the social contract theory of government.

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Philosophy

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History

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Motivation & Inspiration

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Books

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Politics

Plato

Crito

Now, after proving the existence of distinct and clear ideas as the standard for truth, Rene Descartes addresses the potential existence of material outside of the self and God.

Rene Descartes on External Reality

First, he suggested that objects exist because God has the power to create them. This implies that the existence of external world doesn't need any theoretical explain, just by the ability of God, external world can make them into being.

After knowing that the existence of such objects is possible. Descartes will use mental images as a proof, but first he draw a distinction between Imagination and Understand.Imagination - is a faculty of that is directly accessible to the body, requiring no intellectual processing or conceptualization. Which therefore exist like mental picture.Understanding - is an apprehension that doesn't really need or represented by mental images.

Imagination And Understanding Distinction

But this is not a proof. At this point, he has only shown that their existence (external world) could conveniently explain this mental process.

Rene Descartes reviews his premises for the Meditations (that anything can be doubt cannot be trusted) However, he view these arguments within a new context as after the Meditation I, he has proved the existence of himself and of a Perfect God now. Thus, Descartes jumps quickly to proofs of the division between the body and mind and that material things exist.

The New Context

Premise 1: If I can clearly and distinctly perceive something, then it is possible for God to create it.Premise 2: If God creates something to be independent of another, they are distinct from each other.Premise 3: I clearly and distinctly understand my existence as a thinking thing, not requiring the existence of a body.Conclusion 1: Therefore, God can create a thinking thing independently of a body. (From Premise 1 and 2)

The Proof of Mind and Body Distinction

Premise 4: I clearly and distinctly understand my body as an extended thing, not requiring a mind.Conclusion 2: Therefore, God can create a body independently of a mind. (From Conclusion 1 and Premise 4)Premise 5: My mind is a reality distinct from my body. Conclusion 3: Therefore, I (a thinking thing) can exist without a body. (From Conclusion 2 and Premise 5)

Those conclusions create the mind-body distinction and it is also known as Dualism.

Premise 1: My belief in the reality of external world is grounded in a strong inclination based on my senses.- External world is explain the mental images that we have.Premise 2: This inclination is attributed to the nature in which God created me.- Rene Descartes believe in external world not because of any theoretical explanation, but because God has the power to create it.

The Proof of Material World

Premise 3: If independent material things do not exist, God is a deceiver.- as everything in external world will become an illusionPremise 4: God is not a deceiver.- He is perfect being and the quality of being all good is included in his perfection Conclusion: Therefore, independent material things exist and possess essential properties, as my belief is a product of God's non-deceptive creation.

After using these two arguments to dispel solipsism and skepticism. Descartes seems to have succeeded in defining reality as being in three parts: God (infinite), minds, and material things (both finite). Rene Descartes dedicated the last part to response to the possible criticism on his claim such as phantom limbs, dreams, and dropsy.

This is the end of the Meditation on First Philosophy by Rene Descartes.

Summary of Meditation VI. Of the Existence of Material Things, and of the realdistinction between the Soul and Body of Man.

Understand yourself and those around you.

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Psychology

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Problem Solving

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Science & Nature

Descartes' Meditation VI

Rene Descartes states that he wants to expand the "known items" as the only thing for now that is we certainly know is God and self.

"Before asking whether any such objects exist outside me, I ought to consider the ideas of these objects as they exist in my thoughts and see which are clear and which confused."

Descartes separates external objects into those that are clear and distinct and those that are confused and obscure.

The example of clear and distinct external object are the Mathematical concepts. In meditation I those are called simple things but in this context it is an ideas.

Clear and distinct Ideas

The example of Confused and Obscure ideas are the ideas that have Extension, Duration, and Movement in external world.Extension - any external things that has an extension in space or in 3D world.croDuration - any external things that has a time of existence.Movement - any external things that explore in physical world.

Confused and Obscure Ideas

Rene Descartes argues that Mathematics for example geometrical ideas, these cannot be misconstrued or combined in a way that makes them false but the other that have Extension, Duration, and Movement can be.

Testing the Two Concept Of Ideas

The following examples of confused ideas is not directly on the meditation V but this example will explain clearly what Rene Descartes is pertaining on the concept of clear and confused ideas.)

You can combine in your mind the idea of a creature with a human brain, body of a crocodile, eye of an eagle, and teeth of lion. Then construct a question asking if these creature is powerful. There is no certain answer as the ideas is yet to be discover or invented. These ideas have the extension, duration, and movement. Thus, having such those properties is confused eas.

Confused Ideas

On the other hand, no mathematical re-arrangement of a triangle could allow its three internal angles to sum to anything but 180 degrees. These ideas don't have extension, duration, and movement. Thus it is clear and distinct.

Clear Ideas

Descartes states that truths may have a nature or essence of themselves of being true and independent of the thinker.While thinking about the independence of these ideas of external objects (Mathematical Truth), Then Descartes realized that he is just as about God as he is about these mathematical ideas as both of them have an essence and independent of the thinker.

He asserts that the ideas of God implies God's existence.Premise 1: God is defined as an infinitely perfect being. Premise 2: Perfection includes existence.Conclusion: So God exists.In this argument, the idea of God has the nature of Perfection. In other words Perfection is part of God. Then if God is perfect by the definition, or by the idea of God itself, then he has the attributes and quality of being Perfection, perfection includes existence as it attributes and quality of it. Then if God is perfect it necessarily follows that God exist

Another argument for God's Existence

(This argument is one of the other version of Ontological argument proposed by St. Anselm of Canterbury.)

This settles his discontentment to the "distinct and clear" criteria for truth and with the confirmed existence of God, all doubt that is generated in meditation 1 are can be removed with certainty as God will not let him be deceived and now he has a distinct criteria in seeking the truth.

With all of the conclusion, Descartes asserts that without this sure knowledge in the existence of a supreme and perfect being, assurance of any uth is impossible.

There is no Truth without God

(At the end of Meditation V, Rene Descartes, he successfully expand his known ideas, win the concept of Truths, create another argument for God's existence to Settle his discontentment, and destroy all of skeptical hypothesis, but the problem in solipsism (you are the only one that exists) and the external world still exist, in Meditation VI he will continue his journey to answer and settles these problems.)

Summary of Meditation V. Of the essence of material things, and, again, of God,that He exists.

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Religion & Spirituality

Descartes' Meditation V

The conclusions of the previous Meditations that Rene Descartes or "I" and "God" both exist eventually lead to another problem: "If God is perfectly good and the source of all that is, how is there room for error or falsehood?"In other words, "If God is perfect then why there is a mistake in the world?"(This meditation IV is dedicated to answer that specific problem.)

Rene Descartes tries to resolve this in four ways; One from the concept Great Chain of Being and Three from the Misuse and Limitation of his Abilities.

Rene Descartes states that God's perfect goodness is relative to His perfect being. On the extreme opposite end of the scale is complete nothingness and where the evil relies. He states that the location of the Humans is in-between these two extremes.Being human is being less "good" than God, but more "good" than Evil. Therefore, error or mistake is only the absence of what is correct and right.

The Great Chain of Being

Limitation of AbilitiesMisuse of one's own PerspectiveMisuse of Divine Gifts

The Misuse and Limitation of Abilities

Rene Descartes states that there is a possibility that his limited knowledge prevents him from understanding why God chose to create him so he could make mistakes.Therefore, there might be a reason but because of our limited knowledge, it is ncomprehensible.

Limitation of knowledge

Rene Descartes suggest that what may seem like a mistake or error on an individual or specific level might actually be perceived as flawless when considered within the broader context of the entire creation established by God.Therefore, the perspective that sees beyond isolated instances of error to appreciate a larger, harmonious picture of existence may have a different significance or as Rene Descartes considered as "Error Free"

2. Misusage of Perspective

"For something that seems imperfect when viewed alone might seem completely perfect when regarded as having a place in the world."

The two Divine Gifts are the Understanding (Intellectual Gift) and Will (Freedom) both of these gifts are in a perfect condition. Rene Descartes realized that error occurs when he practice or exercise his understanding and will. Therefore, the gifts of God (understanding and will) both remain good and perfect so do God itself as the giver of these and the error only occurs when we misuse it.

3. The Misusage of Divine Gifts

(At the end of Meditation IV, Rene Descartes settled the problem. He made the error of humans and imperfections of it, is compatible to the existence of a perfect being called "God")

Summary of Meditation IV. Of the True and the False.

mindfulness

Mindfulness

Descartes' Meditation IV

That is our fate as human beings. We know this yet in the face of death we still cling to life. When I greet my own end, I will strive for as little attachment as I can. I would like to depart this world thinking my life has been a good one.

One Hundred Per Cent Of Us Will Die

There is no need to be troubled by things that have not happened yet. Think only about what is happening right now. Almost all anxieties are intangible. They are an invention of your own mind

Anxiety : Where Does It Actually Exist?

When we have something arduous to do we often complaint about it. We say,' Anyone could do this,' or 'This is all they ever let me do.' But with this attitude,it is very difficult to find joy in our work. People who do their best to enjoy what it is before then have the greatest chance to discover inner peace

Pleasure In Your Work

Life doesn't always go smoothly. Our efforts sometimes go unrewarded. Despite this, try to believe in yourself and do your best. Do not fear moving forward.

Noone Has Zero Potential

Be more Zen in 2023 with this little book of 100 tips and activities to soothe the soul 'Brings the spirit of Zen Buddhism to everyday life . . . 100 snack-size Zen activities you can do daily to add more calm to your life' Daily Telegraph ________ Zen is the perfect antidote to the stress and uncertainty of modern life . . . In clear, practical and easy to follow lessons - one a day for 100 days - renowned Buddhist monk Shunmyo Masuno draws on centuries of wisdom to show you how to apply the essence of Zen to modern life. You will learn how to exhale deeply to eliminate negative emotions, to arrange your house simply to clear your thinking, to line up your shoes at night to bring order to your mind, to plant a single flower and watch it grow, to worry less about what you cannot control, and so much more . . . You will even make time to think about nothing at all. Simplify your life with the art of Zen, and learn how to feel more relaxed, fulfilled, and with a renewed sense of peace. ________ 'Full of the simplest yet richest rituals to adopt in order to live a long and happy life, this book of wisdom is a soothing balm of peace for anyone living in the busy modern world' Psychologies 'Does for mental clutter what Marie Kondo has done for household clutter' Publisher's Weekly 'This little treasure needs to be at every bedside' llan Lokos, author of Through the Flames, Patience, and Pocket Peace 'Zen: The Art of Simple Living makes the wisdom of the Buddha radically accessible' Dzogchen Ponlop Rinpoche, author of Emotional Rescue and Rebel Buddha

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Personal Development

Drawing on centuries of wisdom, renowned Zen Buddhist priest Shunmyo Masuno applies the essence of Zen to modern life in clear, practical, easily adopted lessons - one a day for 100 days. Discover how Lining up your shoes after you take them off can bring order to your life. Putting down your fork after every bite can help you feel more grateful for what you have. Spending time barefoot can strengthen your body. Planting a flower and watching it grow can teach you to embrace change. Going outside to watch the sunset can make every day feel celebratory. In Zen The Art of Simple Living, you will learn to find happiness not by seeking out extraordinary experiences but by making small changes - to what you do, how you think, how you interact with others and how you appreciate the present moment. With each task, you will open yourself up to a renewed sense of peace and inner calm.

Shunmyo Masuno

Zen: The Art of Simple Living

First, Descartes proposed that there are three sources of ideas:Innate - Ideas that are within us Fictitious - Ideas that come from our imaginationAdventitious - Ideas that come from experiences of the world.

Source Of Ideas

Descartes proposed the Level of Reality, This hierarchy is based on the perfection of the Ideas in their own.Objective reality - is the reality that something has as ideas or representation, or reality that an idea or representation exist. Formal Reality or actual reality - are the reality that is actual and not just represent.Eminent reality - is the reality of an idea that is not active but has a potential for its actuality (to formal Reality).

Levels of Reality

Objective reality is on the top because we can perceive a Perfect triangle, but I'm actual reality and eminent there is no perfect triangle, as all triangles in reality is composed of material that can be curved, erase of something. A perfect idea of triangle only exist in Objective reality and it can be called Infinite-objectibe reality, were the idea of objective reality is extended to the infinity. So, this reality is in beyond the other ideas objective reality.

The Hierarchy

The argument for God's existence of Rene Descartes are the Trademark Argument (Ontological) and The Causal Argument (Cosmological).

Rene Descartes argues that our idea of God did not came from the Fictitious, Adventitious and Innate ideas, he insists that the Idea of God is came from God itself and he used the levels of reality to prove it.

The Trademark Argument

Premise 1 : I have an idea of God as an infinitely perfect being.The source of this ideas are:FictitiousAdventitiousInnateNot Fictitious because fictitious ideas are imagination, and imagination is a combination of elements from sensory experience. Therefore, it lacks the quality for a certain, infinite and perfect idea of God.Not Adventitious because Adventitious ideas are arises from external stimuli or experience. Therefore, it also lacks the quality for a certain, infinite and perfect idea of God.The first two options may be subject to doubt (Meditation 1)

The Argument

Not Innate because innate ideas are generated by me. I, myself is a finite being. Therefore, I cannot create an infinite and perfect idea of God.

Premise 2: If I have an idea of an infinitely perfect being, then some infinitely perfect being must exist.There is no reasonable source for that infinite and perfect idea of God to exist. Then, the source of my idea of God must really be infinitely perfect being (Beyond objective reality).Conclusion: Therefore, an infinitely perfect being called God, exists.This argument is often called Descartes' ontological argument, asserting that the idea of God and his perfection implies His existence.

Rene Descartes also concluded here that an absolutely perfect being is a good, benevolent being therefore God would not deceive him. It settles some of the unresolved problem of skeptical hypothesis from Meditation I.(As of the moment of this meditation "I" or "a thinking thing" and "God" is the only thing that sure to exist)

Premise 1: I exist (as a thinking thing, Meditation II).Premise 2: My existence must have a cause.The only Possible Ultimate Causes are:Myself I always having existedMy parentsSomething less perfect than GodGod

Causal Argument

Not "Myself"If I had created myself, I would have made myself perfect. Also I'm a finite being.Not "I always having existed"This does not solve the problem. If I am a dependent being, I need to be continually sustained by another.Not "My Parents" This leads to an infinite regress from generation to generation and they are also dependent being.Not "Something less than a God" The idea of perfection that exists in me cannot have originated from a non-perfect being.

Then, "God" because he is an independent being and has the power to cause something to exist. Conclusion: Therefore, God existsA perfect being could not have been caused by anything less than a perfect being.

(At the end of Meditation III Rene Descartes prove the existence of God with the attributes of a perfect being.)

In this Meditation III Rene is trying to prove the existence of God.

Descartes' Meditation III

Did you know that you look pretty? Look at others around you. You'd definitely find someone's body shape, eye, skin, or any part of body not attractive. Now compare that with the same body part of yours. See?

You Are Beautiful 

Even a flower that blooms beside a road sparks a flow of joy in our hearts. And the beautiful "you";do the same to others as well. You are beautiful, you are pretty, you are important. There's someone who didn't get to live today. But you did.

You Matter!

This is a post I'm sharing to tell you some facts about youself!

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Love & Relationships

YOU!

Instead of fearing it, we must embrace failure as an opportunity for growth and self-improvement. By shifting our perspective and seeing failure as a valuable learning experience, we open ourselves up to valuable insights and personal development. Embracing failure allows us to unlock our full potential and become the best version of ourselves. So let us not shy away from failure, but rather welcome it with open arms, knowing that within its grasp lies the key to our success.

Failure is Inevitable

"Failure is not the end, but a stepping stone to wisdom."

While seeking advice and support from others is crucial, true self-reliance involves making independent decisions and taking responsibility for choices and actions.

Self-Reliance Requires Independence

"Interdependence fuels independence; seek counsel, but trust your instincts." - Anonymous

Building support networks and seeking help does not diminish self-reliance. Interdependence strengthens independence through difficult times.

Self-Reliance Doesn't Mean Isolation:

"Connection fuels resilience; self-reliance is not a solo journey."

Hard truths can be tough to accept, but they often pave the way for personal growth and self-reliance.

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Habits

Swallow Truth

This piece explores the metaphorical journey of climbing personal mountains. It delves into the idea that overcoming self-sabotage requires the same determination and resilience as summiting a physical mountain. By addressing internal obstacles, readers learn strategies for self-mastery, emphasizing the importance of self-awareness, goal setting, and the power of persistence in reaching the pinnacle of personal growth.

Summiting Your Inner Peaks

Before embarking on the ascent to self-mastery, one must first establish a base camp of self-discovery. This concept introduces readers to the foundational steps of understanding their own patterns of self-sabotage. Through introspection and acknowledgment of one's vulnerabilities, this guide offers a starting point for transformation, highlighting the role of self-compassion and acceptance in the journey.

 The Base Camp of Self-Discovery

This article addresses the treacherous terrain of self-doubt that often hinders progress towards self-mastery. It presents techniques for recognizing and confronting these doubts, likening them to obstacles on a mountain trail. By developing a mindset of resilience and adaptability, readers learn to navigate through self-doubt, turning challenges into stepping stones towards achieving personal goals.

Navigating the Terrain of Self-Doubt

Focusing on the overwhelming impact of negative thinking, this idea compares it to an avalanche that can derail one’s journey to self-mastery. It offers insight into the triggers and patterns of negative thoughts, providing practical tools for mindfulness and cognitive restructuring. This approach helps individuals dig out from the avalanche and continue their ascent with renewed clarity and focus.

The Avalanche of Negative Thoughts

This idea highlights the often-overlooked phase of descending the mountain, symbolizing the integration of self-mastery into daily life. It discusses how to apply lessons learned from overcoming self-sabotage in practical, everyday scenarios. This section offers strategies for maintaining personal growth, ensuring that the journey to the summit leaves a lasting impact on one’s approach to life’s challenges.

The Descent: Integrating New Heights into Everyday Life

Reaching the summit of self-acceptance is portrayed as the ultimate goal in the journey of transforming self-sabotage into self-mastery. This narrative explores the importance of embracing one’s imperfections and learning from failures. It encourages readers to view each setback as a lesson, fostering a sense of self-compassion and understanding that is crucial for personal growth.

The Summit of Self-Acceptance

Readers interested in personal growth and self-improvement will find "The Mountain Is You: Transforming Self-Sabotage Into Self-Mastery" an invaluable resource!

THIS IS A BOOK ABOUT SELF-SABOTAGE.Why we do it, when we do it, and how to stop doing it-for good.Coexisting but conflicting needs create self-sabotaging behaviors. This is why we resist efforts to change, often until they feel completely futile. But by extracting crucial insight from our most damaging habits, building emotional intelligence by better understanding our brains and bodies, releasing past experiences at a cellular level, and learning to act as our highest potential future selves, we can step out of our own way and into our potential.For centuries, the mountain has been used as a metaphor for the big challenges we face, especially ones that seem impossible to overcome. To scale our mountains, we actually have to do the deep internal work of excavating trauma, building resilience, and adjusting how we show up for the climb.In the end, it is not the mountain we master, but ourselves.

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Mental Health

Brianna Wiest is an accomplished writer whose work has resonated with readers around the world. Brianna Wiest has published several books that explore a range of topics, from fiction to nonfiction, and has received critical acclaim for the ability to weave compelling narratives. Brianna Wiest's writing style is known for its depth and authenticity, and has earned quite a loyal following of readers.

Brianna Wiest

The Mountain Is You

Albert Camus' task is to find the most important philosophical questions to human. Then he came up with it and states:"There is but one truly philosophical problem, and that is Suicide"

Chapter One: An Absurd Reasoning

The problem is generated by taking these two position: "Life is meaningless" and "Human desire for meaning."This will create an absurdity, a contradiction. Why still seek when there is none, why still live when existence and life itself is meaningless?

The Absurd

- We live our lives as if we're not aware of the certainty of death that we will meet into the end of it.- Science and Metaphysics only explained the world descriptively. Any interpretation in attempt in "making sense" in our life will end up in meaningless abstraction.- The true knowledge and rationality cannot truly explain the world or give meaning to it.

Why Meaningless

Albert Camus set three possible response on dealing with the absurd:Suicide (Physical Suicide)Philosophical SuicideConfronting the Absurd

Dealing with the Absurd

Albert Camus rejected Physical Suicide. For him absurd cannot exist if there is no man. And taking away your own life is not true revolt.

Suicide (Physical Suicide)

Many other philosophers attempt to deal with the absurd. Here are their concept:Heidegger's emphasize the reliance on existential authenticity.Karl Jaspers emphasizing authenticity and transcendence.Kierkegaard's advocates leap of faith.For Camus, this is a form of philosophical suicide and it is self-destructive as physical suicide. Those concept attempt to escape and seek refuge in metaphysical concept rather than confronting the absurd.

Philosophical Suicide

He states that this is the only valid option on dealing with the Absurd.It is simple, just accept absurdity, or embrace it, and continue living. You are no longer bound by hope for a better future you do not need to pursue life's purpose or to create meaning. You just live with the absurd.Camus arrives at three consequences from fully acknowledging the absurd: revolt, freedom, and passion.

Confronting the Absurd

After accepting the absurd, there is a new philosophical questions and that is "How should the Absurd Man live?"Camus gives some representations on how do we live a life like an Absurd Man:Don JuanismThe ActorThe Conqueror

Chapter 2: The Absurd Man

The Legendary libertine Don Juan, represents the pursuit of pleasure and sensual experiences as a way to deny the inherent meaninglessness of life. Don Juan seeks distraction in romantic conquests and fleeting pleasures to confront the absurd.

Don Juanism

The Actor represents an individual who immerses themselves in various character roles and personas. Those mask (roles) help them to become detached to the absurdity of existence.

The Actor

The conqueror is the individual who seeks to overcome the absurd through power, achievements, or conquests. He chooses action over contemplation, aware of the fact that nothing can last and no victory is final.

The Conqueror

Camus examines the artist or maker. Absurd art is limited to describing the multitude of experiences in the world because meaning is unattainable. Of course, absurd creativity must also abstain from judgment and from hinting at the tiniest glimmer of optimism to the world.

Chapter 3: Absurd Creation

The Myth of Sisyphus by Albert Camus (Complete summary)

A Nobel Prize-winning author delivers one of the most influential works of the twentieth century, showing a way out of despair and reaffirming the value of existence. Influenced by works such as Don Juan and the novels of Kafka, these essays begin with a meditation on suicide—the question of living or not living in a universe devoid of order or meaning. With lyric eloquence, Albert Camus brilliantly presents a crucial exposition of existentialist thought.

The Myth of Sisyphus

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