The quote goes as 'All of humanity's problems stem from man's inability to sit quietly in a room alone.' Any negative person will find an excuse in this quote and say that it is natural to not able to sit quietly. That person will think his inability is as natural like a fish's inability to come out of water. But this quote has a vast capacity to encourage introspection in anyone if we make minor changes.

Correction To Quote By Blaise Pascal

We do not know what Blaise Pascal meant in his original language. Regardless of that, the thing is Man has the ability of finding silence in himself and reflecting that silence in his day-to-day actions. It is just that in the race of the world, he forgot to harness this natural and base state of silence.

Silence Is The Base State

'All of humanity's problems exist because man forgot how to sit quietly in a room alone.' Sitting quietly does not mean inaction when there is a need to act. Sitting quietly means finding peace in oneself in all actions.

Modified Quote

A little correction to a quote by Blaise Pascal

philosophy

Philosophy

meditation

Meditation

Revisiting Blaise Pascal

“The only constant in life is change.”

Change is inevitable in personal, societal, and global spheres, shaping our lives through events, choices, and evolving environments. While it may be unsettling, embracing change as integral to life's journey reduces stress and fosters growth. A positive outlook turns change into a stepping stone, offering valuable lessons for advancement. Inspired by figures like Socrates and Steve Jobs, strategies such as developing new skills and staying flexible become essential in navigating life's dynamic transformations.

1. The Reality Of Change

Embracing change fosters motivation and resilience. Adapting positively turns shifts into opportunities for self-improvement, allowing us to thrive beyond comfort zones. This openness deepens connections and promotes mutual growth in relationships. Letting go of rigid assumptions reduces resentment towards life's unpredictability. Sustained motivation comes from resetting goals to align with evolving situations. Accepting change equips us with wisdom and resilience for life's unfolding journey.

The Benefits Of Accepting Change

In contemporary culture, failure is often villainized, overshadowed by narratives of unbroken success. However, failure is guaranteed on the path to success. Accepting failure as integral to growth enables constructive responses. Shifting our perspective, we view failure as valuable data guiding us toward success, not permanent defeat. Failures highlight areas for improvement and offer pathways for desired outcomes. Reflecting on failures sparks inventive thinking and cultivates vital lessons, fueling our evolution.

2. The Reality Of Failure

There are constructive techniques for ensuring failures truly enhance rather than diminish our life journeys. Honest and thoughtful evaluations of ourselves and situations that did not manifest desired results are invaluable. Beneficial failure reflection questions include:1. What core lesson does this failure offer me about myself/my pursuits?2. How can I improve my strategy, skills, or mindset to overcome this type of setback next time?3. What limiting belief or assumption of mine does this experience disprove?4. Who can I learn from that has succeeded where I have yet to?

Learning From Failure

Seeking validation is inherent in our social nature, providing comfort but also opening us to the pain of rejection. Despite efforts to please everyone, universal likeability is impossible due to diverse personalities and preferences. Accepting this truth frees us from futile people-pleasing, alleviating needless suffering and irrational fears. Redirecting energy inward prepares us for more authentic, purpose-driven lives.

3. The Reality Of Not Being Able To Please Everyone

Liberation comes from freeing ourselves from others' validation, empowering self-confidence and esteem. Following our inner compass motivates us. Our worth isn't tied to societal standards; awareness of our talents instills motivation. No longer compromising for conformity brings immense fulfillment. As self-knowledge grows, outside opinions matter less. Inner security helps handle disapproval, aligning actions with inner truth sustains motivation. Seeking our approval and that of growth-nurturers sets us on a courageous, authentic life journey, fulfilling our potential.

The Benefits Of Self-Approval

● Change naturally arises in life regularly; embracing it with positivity, flexibility, and eagerness to learn unlocks growth.● Failure serves as a teacher, not a defeater; thoughtfully analyzing our mistakes clears paths ahead.● Pleasing everyone equally is impossible; focusing on self-approval guides us most authentically.● Accepting rather than resisting life’s unavoidable difficulties or disappointments motivates perseverance.● Maintaining the perspective that challenges provide opportunities to learn and improve builds resilience.

Key Takeaways

We all have dreams, goals, and ideals for envisioning our lives unfolding. But reality doesn’t always align with our plans and desires. Certain inevitable

Understand yourself and those around you.

psychology

Psychology

personaldevelopment

Personal Development

motivationandinspiration

Motivation & Inspiration

books

Books

3 Life Realities You Must Accept

Most people's view of what democracy is is at the level of a 6th grade understanding. In this model, people have values and needs, and they rationally pick candidates that share their needs and values.However, tons of data show that this is a very naive perspective. Most voters have no ideological values, cannot really tell what they want, and often miss important facts.

6th Grade Democracy

People don't vote for what they want.People vote for who they are.

The best voters are the informed voters. Based on this insight, epistocracy is a form of government where political power is distributed based on knowledge.Jason Brennan proposes multiple ways in which this could be done. One way is for a voter to answer a series of questions about the desired outcome and questions about the topic at hand. The questions being picked by a random group of 500 citizens. This method could be used to pick policies or politicians.

Epistocracy - An Alternative to Democracy

What is all we know about democracy is wrong?

Jason Brennan is an American philosopher and business professo at the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University. Brennan writes about democratic theory, the ethics of voting, competence and power, freedom, and the moral foundations of commercial society. (Wikipedia.) He speaks in this episode about the faults and flaws of democracy, and why people are often not as good as voting as they think they are. Buy "Against Democracy" (affiliate link): https://amzn.to/3HBA5df Buy "Democracy: A Guided Tour": https://amzn.to/3udeuF2

Discover the world of business and economics.

economics

Economics

podcasts

Podcasts

politics

Politics

For the curious. A philosophy podcast that sometimes flirts with other disciplines, Within Reason has featured guests including Richard Dawkins, Douglas Murray, William Lane Craig, Peter Singer, Konstantin Kisin, and Neil deGrasse Tyson.

Within Reason

#53 — Jason Brennan | The Case Against Democracy

The Case Against Democracy (with Jason Brennan)

Have you ever noticed how we use words like "close" and "above" to describe our relationships with others? Even though we know they don't refer to actual physical space, we use these spatial and architectural metaphors to explain our social worlds.<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">We say we have an "inner circle" of friends</li><li class="ql-align-justify">We feel "left out" from the circles of others</li><li class="ql-align-justify">Colleagues with "higher" status seem "above" us</li><li class="ql-align-justify">Society itself is described as having a "structure", like a skyscraper.</li></ul>

Spatial and Architectural Metaphors in Social Relationships

<a href="https://psyche.co/ideas/boost-your-self-understanding-with-a-navigational-approach">These metaphors</a>, both at a personal and societal level, help us understand the complex dynamics of human relationships.So next time you use words like :<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">"walling someone off" or</li><li class="ql-align-justify">"pushing someone down",</li></ul>remember the architectural foundation behind these phrases.Have you ever wondered why we use spatial metaphors when talking about social relationships?<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">This is not just a coincidence. Our minds naturally view social connections in a spatial way.</li><li class="ql-align-justify">This means that architectural concepts could potentially offer new insights into social and political systems.</li></ul>

The Spatial Metaphors in Social Relationships

In the past 40 years, <a href="https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/M/bo3637992.html">research</a> has shown that figurative language is not just poetic or fanciful, it actually shapes our thoughts and speech patterns.<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">Love is a 'journey'</li><li class="ql-align-justify">truth is something that is 'seen clearly'</li><li class="ql-align-justify">extroverted people are described as 'lighting up the room' - which all activate the same brain regions as the actual experiences.</li></ul>Our body plays a <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21038261/">key role</a> in how we understand abstract ideas. The same part of our brain that perceives light is used to imagine a person as 'bright'.In essence, our thoughts are using our body's operations to make sense of the world.

The Cognitive Impact of Figurative Language

"If we describe someone as ‘distant’, we think of them in that spatial term, even if they’re next to us"

<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">Cognitive scientists <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2011-14603-004">found</a> that our social perceptions greatly impact our behavior, specifically in regard to our mental distances vs physical distances.</li><li class="ql-align-justify">We tend to draw ourselves closer to individuals we label as "friends" and increase the distance between ourselves and those we consider "strangers".</li><li class="ql-align-justify">It's also been <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.0033-0124.2004.05602009.x">observed</a> that individuals with negative opinions of other cultures may overestimate the physical distance between them and that culture's cities.</li><li class="ql-align-justify">Our social world has a significant influence on how we interact with others and perceive our surroundings.</li></ul>

How Our Social Perceptions Affect Our Behavior

<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">Some scientists propose that social cognition evolved as an <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00645/full">"exaptation"</a> of spatial cognition, repurposing existing neural mechanisms to navigate social hierarchies. </li><li class="ql-align-justify">This theory offers a compelling explanation for how our brains process social information in a spatially organized manner.</li></ul>Other research from social psychology has demonstrated that our mental representations of people are multimodal. They include :<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">emotional associations </li><li class="ql-align-justify">declarative knowledge </li><li class="ql-align-justify">and episodic memories, among other content.</li></ul>

Exaptation Theory:

Can the design of physical spaces influence political thought? Architects have the power to shape our social interactions by creating spaces that can be tall, wide, open, confined, with or without views. This is why winners stand on the highest podium, bosses occupy large offices, and heads of families sleep in master bedrooms and sit at the head of the table.Let's think:<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">How does the design of physical spaces impact our social dynamics?</li><li class="ql-align-justify">What are some ways that power is manifested in different spatial configurations?</li><li class="ql-align-justify">Can we intentionally design spaces to create more egalitarian social structures?</li></ul>

Impact of Architecture on Social Thought

<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">Advocates for social progress often employ spatial metaphors to challenge inequality and oppression. </li><li class="ql-align-justify">Virginia Woolf's <a href="https://www.amazon.in/Room-Ones-Own-Virginia-Woolf/dp/9350334933/ref=sr_1_2?crid=2Z8ADBJRNU8IX&keywords=a+room+of+ones+own+virginia+woolf&qid=1707203775&sprefix=a+room+of+ones%2Caps%2C413&sr=8-2">"A Room of One’s Own"</a> symbolizes women's intellectual agency, while the "glass ceiling" represents invisible barriers for women in the corporate world. </li><li class="ql-align-justify">LGBTQ+ individuals "coming out of the closet" and chants like "Whose streets? Our streets!" at protests serve as spatial metaphors for breaking societal constraints. </li><li class="ql-align-justify">Even the political spectrum can be reimagined, with "partisan" and "extremist" positions represented on a horseshoe shape. </li></ul>

Unveiling the Power of Spatial Metaphors in Social Thought

"The architectural metaphor of the ‘glass ceiling’ expresses the barriers often invisible to men"

<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">The shapes of social thought are vast, yet spatial metaphors can limit it. </li><li class="ql-align-justify">Phrases like "Left-Right spectrum" or "President" can tilt our mental perceptions. </li><li class="ql-align-justify">Time to listen out for architectural metaphors constraining our political discourse and interpersonal relations.</li><li class="ql-align-justify">For instance, Trump's proposal for a border wall signifies a shift towards isolationism in foreign and immigration policies. </li><li class="ql-align-justify">Instead, we must challenge these metaphors to prevent divisions between social groups.</li></ul>

Rethinking Social Thought in Spatial Metaphors

"Metaphorical barriers remain standing long after their physical referents are demolished"

<ul><li class="ql-align-justify">Architecture has a powerful influence on our social experiences and movements, conveying messages of social power. </li><li class="ql-align-justify">Recent research highlights the cognitive effects of architecture and how we can use this understanding as architects of our own collective experiences.</li></ul>- Architects design buildings to reflect social power.- Social and architectural metaphors shape our social experiences and desires.- Neuroscientific research reveals the neurobiological basis of these effects.- Becoming architects of our collective experiences allows us to shape others' spatial relationships.

The Power of Architecture in Social Metaphors

Some friends are ‘close’– others are ‘distant’. But our spatial descriptions of social life are more than just metaphors.

Some friends are ‘close’. Others are ‘distant’. But our spatial descriptions of social life are more than just metaphors

communication

Communication

artsandculture

Society, Arts & Culture

scienceandnature

Science & Nature

The geometry of other people 

The ability to make choices without fear of consequences.
Freedom is about "choosing to live" instead of "having to live."
<ul>
	<li>It is our fundamental right to act, think, write and speak without coercion.</li>
	<li>Freedom allows us to break free from the emotional shackles of life.</li>
	<li>Daniel L Boorstin, an American historian, famously said, "Freedom means the opportunity to be what we never thought we would be."</li>
</ul>
We are only as free as we choose to be. With freedom comes the chance to become something we never imagined for ourselves.

The Power of Freedom

The psychology of freedom investigates the sort of mind required for such freedom of action. It aims to understand what talents and mental states we require to be free to behave differently than we do now. It focuses on the sort of will that a free agent must have. By will, I mean the capacity to predict how we will act via decision-making, resulting in an intention regarding the activities we will perform.

Significance of Freedom

When a person is given the freedom to choose, anxiety is generated on autopilot, which leads to a troubled choice. Giving in to your wayward desires will make you move away from the struggles that the legitimacy of yourself demands. As a consequence, you'll end up on a path of dislike for who you've become. That is, if you do not know how to operate the steering wheel of free will, you will end up in the pit of anguish. The link between freedom of free will and mental wellness may exist because they place more impulsion on a person's will.

Freedom of Free Will and Mental Wellness

When individuals voluntarily make choices and decisions that are aligned with their values and morals, they will experience intrinsic <a href="https://www.psychologs.com/psychology-behind-motivation/">motivation</a>, wholeness, and improved psychological well-being.

Intrinsic Motivation

In the most spartan terms, freedom gives us the opportunity to become something unanticipated from what we originally imagined for ourselves.

religionandspirituality

Religion & Spirituality

mentalhealth

Mental Health

The Psychology behind Freedom

"The world, and everything within it, is the conditioned and objectified consciousness of man. Consciousness is both the cause and substance of the entire world."

To better comprehend the topic, Neville explains that reality can be visualized as two streams: the conscious and the subconscious. The conscious is personal and selective, while the subconscious is impersonal and non-selective. Both are considered the masculine (conscious) and feminine (subconscious) divisions of consciousness itself. Neville makes it clear that the conscious is the realm of effect, generating ideas and then impressing them upon the subconscious. The latter is the realm of cause, responsible for receiving ideas to give them shape and expression.

"The Magic Behind the Conscious and the Subconscious"

It is crucial to note that the subconscious does not produce ideas but accepts as true those ideas that the conscious also conceives as truths. Thus, through the power of imagining and feeling the realization of these ideas, man can create his own reality. To manifest accurately, it is possible to control the subconscious through ideas and feelings.

"The Power of Imagination and Feeling"

The mechanism for creation lies in the subconscious, transcending reason and being independent in the face of induction. Neville teaches that feeling is the only way ideas are communicated to the subconscious. Why? Because the subconscious assumes a feeling as a fact that exists in itself, proceeding to give it expression. Everything begins in the creative process, where an idea becomes the feeling that propels the will to act.

"The Mechanism for Carrying Out Creation"

With this information, it is crucial to control more disciplinedly the feelings we prefer to imprint on our subconscious, avoiding limiting ourselves to feeling only insecurities and prejudices towards ourselves and others.Therefore, it is essential to encourage ourselves to change our mindset once and for all.

"That which we choose to imprint on the subconscious"

The crucial secret to successful manifestation is to feel the desire we long for as a state that already is, rather than thinking it is not yet. To be more specific, all feelings leave an impression on the subconscious that must be expressed. It is important to emphasize that this is always the case unless there is a stronger feeling of the opposite nature, as the dominant feeling is ultimately the one expressed.

"The most accurate way to manifest what is desired"

Neville Goddard teaches us that 'I am healthy' is, in itself, a more dominant feeling than 'I will be healthy. And "I am" is stronger than "I am not" Because what you feel you are is much more dominant than what you would like to be.To clarify, all changes of expression come through a change of feeling, and this change can lead to a modification of destiny. Therefore, you must learn to feel only in the state you wish to actualize and likewise feel the reality of the state, acting from that same conviction.

"A change that can lead to a modification of destiny"

In this article, we will explore the ideas and teachings of Neville Goddard, aiming to unlock the full potential of our conscious and subconscious minds as we manifest our desires in tandem with his guidance.

strategy

Strategy

problemsolving

Problem Solving

Neville Goddard and the Secret to Manifesting What You Desire | Part 1

PART I SELF-DIRECTED WARFARE

1. DECLARE WAR ON YOUR ENEMIESYou cannot swing a sword without knowing what to hit with it. It's you against the world and it's you against yourself. Fight your inner demons.2. DO NOT FIGHT THE LAST WARWhat has worked in the past, may not work again. Forget the past. Adapt to current times, ever-changing, ever-evolving.3. AMIDST THE TURMOIL OF EVENTS, DO NOT LOSE YOUR PRESENCE OF MINDYou have to stay alert, when everyone else is in uproar. Do not be intimidated by chaos. Do not panic. You seek out the conflict reacting swiftly, when the opportunity presents itself.

4. CREATE A SENSE OF URGENCY AND DESPERATIONOnce you come face to face with death, you eliminate life's non-essentials. You overcome trivialities we foolishly care about every day taking our lives for granted.

PART II ORGANIZATIONAL (TEAM) WARFARE

5. AVOID THE SNARES OF GROUPTHINKYou want a chain of command you can rely on. You are the General, but you cannot have your head everywhere. Put remote systems and loyal leaders into place that will guarantee the desired outcome.6. SEGMENT YOUR FORCESIt's on you to know, when to unite and when to divide your army. Slow, but strong or fast and precise.7. TRANSFORM YOUR WAR INTO A CRUSADE281 BC Hannibal arranged competitive war games to demonstrate how far his men would go to join the upcoming fight, to show what they were made of. This is a lesson in leadership.

PART III DEFENSIVE WARFARE

8. PICK YOUR BATTLES CAREFULLYSome battles you can win, but at too high a cost. Make your battles worth your time and resources. Your energy is limited. Don't waste it.9. TURN THE TABLESIn history defenders are more often victorious, than attackers. Stay calm and turn the situation into your favor.10. CREATE A THREATENING PRESENCEMake them believe they cannot win and they will retreat. To scare them means to break them. But be careful. Your opponent may call your bluff, if you're unwilling to back up your words with action. Don't merely bark.

11. TRADE SPACE FOR TIMEFrustrate them by fighting on your terms. This is classic Sun Tzu's Art of War material. The enemy gives you chase you retreat. The enemy retreats you pursue. It's all about the advantage that determines the end result.

PART IV OFFENSIVE WARFARE

12. LOSE BATTLES BUT WIN THE WARIt wasn't obvious until it was too late. Determine the bullseye, plan to the end and confuse your opponent leaving him unable to read your actions, since they don't seem to have a connection.13. KNOW YOUR ENEMYKnow thyself and know thy rival. One of the greatest skills in war, as in seduction as in business is the ability to read people. Master non-verbal communication, hide your observations and devise the most effective tactics based on your insights.

14. OVERWHELM RESISTANCE WITH SPEED AND SUDDENNESSYou start by making slow moves to set the pace to which your rival adjusts, then exploit to win the war quickly.15. CONTROL THE DYNAMICYou're in control. Be assertive. Zugzwang, navigate your opponent by forcing him to move, directly into your area of defense. The only downside to control might be not admitting that you have it.16. HIT THEM WHERE IT HURTSEverything has a center of gravity. Take a hold of it and unbalance the remaining structure, cutting supply lines, belief systems and chains of command.

17. DEFEAT THEM IN DETAILDivide large units and they're easier targets. When your enemies are on the defensive, they will try to unite and face you with their full force. You do not allow them such strength.18. EXPOSE AND ATTACK YOUR OPPONENT'S SOFT FLANKDisorient your rival, make him drop his guard through indirection, then deliver a powerful blow to his exposed and vulnerable side.19. ENVELOP THE ENEMYEnclosing the opponent does a number on his mental well-being. Feeling trapped they will retreat, if they can.

20. MANEUVER THEM INTO WEAKNESSOutsmart the opponent, avoiding an advantageless direct attack, through calculated moves, which grant you greater control over the situation at hand.21. NEGOTIATE WHILE ADVANCINGNegotiate, willing to come to a win-win arrangement, but keep moving focusing on your organization's progress. You avoid immediate conflict, while furthering your interests.22. KNOW HOW TO END THINGSShow humility in victory and let fresh wounds heal. It's in your best interest that everyone accepts the outcome, comes to terms with it and moves on.

PART V  UNCONVENTIONAL (DIRTY) WARFARE

23. WEAVE A SEAMLESS BLEND OF FACT AND FICTIONMisinform your opponent, make him see upside down, while you see what is at all times. Make a weak spot look strong, make a strong spot look weak.24. TAKE THE LINE OF LEAST EXPECTATIONGreat advantage comes from not meeting your opponent's expectations. Others have a mental model of you based on past experiences, stories and conflict.25. OCCUPY THE MORAL HIGH GROUNDYou're good, your opponent is evil. You create an us versus them dynamic, demonize the other and present your side as the virtuous one.

26. DENY THEM TARGETSGuerrilla warfare works best on the minds of large armies, tiring and starving the enemy, using nature to your advantage by letting them freeze in the cold or dry up in the sun. When your rival is ready to fight, frustrate him through your absence.27. SEEM TO WORK FOR THE INTERESTS OF OTHERS WHILE FURTHERING YOUR OWNMake strategic alliances that benefit you. Do not hesitate to do favors for those who will be of help in the future. As you treat others kindly and generously, you put them in your debt.

28. GIVE YOUR RIVALS ENOUGH ROPE TO HANG THEMSELVESSome individuals are inherently self-destructive. You let your adversaries end themselves as active agents in their own demise.29. TAKE SMALL BITESIn order to avoid confrontation, people will give you more leeway and give in to small demands. With short attention spans they repeat mistakes, allowing your power to grow, as you play for time.30. PENETRATE THEIR MINDSWords are weapons. Articulate and profound communication, the precise expression of valuable ideas, can lift you out of poverty, make powerful friends

31. DESTROY FROM WITHINTroy's walls were unbreakable, their archers well-seasoned and devestatingly accurate, but it was the Trojan horse that they willingly let inside the city, mistaking it for a gift, that crushed them. Do not attack a fortification with full force, use deception and destroy from within.32. DOMINATE WHILE SEEMING TO SUBMITPeaceful non-aggression can be more effective, than any act of violence. Your animosity is subtle. While your opponent feels in control, since you don't appear to be eager for power, you covertly fight for your cause.

33. SOW UNCERTAINTY AND PANIC THROUGH ACTS OF TERRORYou can be the change you want to see in the world and in popularizing this sentiment with your help good may triumph over evil. (Or vise versa)

(The book encourages readers to cultivate a strategic mindset and apply these principles judiciously to achieve their goals.)

The 33 Strategies Of War (Summary Every Chapter)

The third in Robert Greene's bestselling series is now available in a pocket sized concise edition. Following 48 Laws of Power and The Art of Seduction, here is a brilliant distillation of the strategies of war to help you wage triumphant battles everyday. Spanning world civilisations, and synthesising dozens of political, philosophical, and religious texts, The Concise 33 Strategies of War is a guide to the subtle social game of everyday life. Based on profound and timeless lessons, it is abundantly illustrated with examples of the genius and folly of everyone from Napoleon to Margaret Thatcher and Hannibal to Ulysses S. Grant, as well as diplomats, captains of industry and Samurai swordsmen.

Robert Greene is an American author of books on strategy, power, and seduction. He has written six international bestsellers, including The 48 Laws of Power, The Art of Seduction, The 33 Strategies of War, The 50th Law, Mastery, and The Laws of Human Nature.

Robert Greene

The 33 Strategies Of War

Socrates is sleeping peacefully in jail, Crito arrives very early because he is distraught. Socrates is at peace with what he has done and what is going to happen to him (he has a death sentence), while Crito is worried and upset.(For context, in apology Socrates put in prison for two reason. Impiety or failure to respect the God/s And Corrupting the young.)

Crito is a student of Socrates and an old friend. He wants to help Socrates to escape the prison and flee Athens.

Crito argues that it is feasible: Crito and other friends have the money needed to bribe jailers and arrange for escape, and Crito has friends in another city state where Socrates can go.Socrates replied: Just because something can be done does not mean that it should be done. We need to investigate and look for reasons. Only if there is sufficient reason/a good argument for escaping should it be done.Crito is still trying his best to convince Socrates to escape.

On Can be and Should be

Crito argues that they will be look bad by the public: The masses will look down on the friends of Socrates and think that they were not willing to put up money in order to save the life of their friend.Socrates replied Public Opinion is totally irrelevant. Then show crito why it is irrelevant:

On Public Opinion

Socrates: do you agree that we should only pay attention to good opinions and bad opinions are likely to bring harm.Crito: Yes.Socrates: do you agree that it is generally not the masses who have expert opinions but only the few.Crito: Yes.Socrates: So in this case we should only follow the opinion of those who are experts on or at least have thought sufficiently and logically about the issue, as the public is unlikely to have done.

Crito didn't stop to convince Socrates and states that it is Unjust Not to Escape for two reason:1. It will involve abandoning your children.2. It is playing into the enemy’s hand—doing exactly what the unjust opposition wants.

On Just and Unjust

Socrates replied to each statement and argues that it is Unjust to Escape. One argument for "abandoning your child" and two argument for "playing into the enemy's hand."

1. Socrates argues that it will make no harm to children: Even if I escape, children will be no better off than if I am put to death. For either they will be forced into exile with me or they will be left behind without me. In either case, they are no better off than if I am put to death. And anyway, my friends will take care of their well being.

On Abandoning His Child

Argument from PaternalismArgument from Social Contract

The Laws Arguments

Premise 1: The State has been like a parent to me—taking care of my safety, needs, and education.Premise 2: We owe our parents our obedience.Conclusion 1: So I owe the State my obedience.Premise 3: It would be unjust to disregard what I owe.Conclusion 2: So it would be unjust to disobey the State by escaping.

Argument from Paternalism

Premise 1: I entered freely into an agreement with the State, I would obey the laws if it took care of me. I could have left any time I wanted but I chose to stay.Premise 2: To disobey the State now and escape would be to break that contract.Premise 3: It is unjust to break a contract.Conclusion: So it would be unjust of me to escape.

Argument from Social Contract

In the end Socrates chooses to abide by the laws of Athens and refuses to escape. Crito does not succeed in convincing Socrates and remain speechless.

In Plato's Dialogue "Crito" is considered as the Shortest and the most intimate dialogue, It is just the conversation between two people, old friend Socrates and Crito.

Crito is a dialogue by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. It depicts a conversation between Socrates and his wealthy friend Crito regarding justice, injustice, and the appropriate response to injustice. Socrates thinks that injustice may not be answered with injustice, and refuses Crito's offer to finance his escape from prison. The dialogue contains an ancient statement of the social contract theory of government.

history

History

Plato

Crito

Now, after proving the existence of distinct and clear ideas as the standard for truth, Rene Descartes addresses the potential existence of material outside of the self and God.

Rene Descartes on External Reality

First, he suggested that objects exist because God has the power to create them. This implies that the existence of external world doesn't need any theoretical explain, just by the ability of God, external world can make them into being.

After knowing that the existence of such objects is possible. Descartes will use mental images as a proof, but first he draw a distinction between Imagination and Understand.Imagination - is a faculty of that is directly accessible to the body, requiring no intellectual processing or conceptualization. Which therefore exist like mental picture.Understanding - is an apprehension that doesn't really need or represented by mental images.

Imagination And Understanding Distinction

But this is not a proof. At this point, he has only shown that their existence (external world) could conveniently explain this mental process.

Rene Descartes reviews his premises for the Meditations (that anything can be doubt cannot be trusted) However, he view these arguments within a new context as after the Meditation I, he has proved the existence of himself and of a Perfect God now. Thus, Descartes jumps quickly to proofs of the division between the body and mind and that material things exist.

The New Context

Premise 1: If I can clearly and distinctly perceive something, then it is possible for God to create it.Premise 2: If God creates something to be independent of another, they are distinct from each other.Premise 3: I clearly and distinctly understand my existence as a thinking thing, not requiring the existence of a body.Conclusion 1: Therefore, God can create a thinking thing independently of a body. (From Premise 1 and 2)

The Proof of Mind and Body Distinction

Premise 4: I clearly and distinctly understand my body as an extended thing, not requiring a mind.Conclusion 2: Therefore, God can create a body independently of a mind. (From Conclusion 1 and Premise 4)Premise 5: My mind is a reality distinct from my body. Conclusion 3: Therefore, I (a thinking thing) can exist without a body. (From Conclusion 2 and Premise 5)

Those conclusions create the mind-body distinction and it is also known as Dualism.

Premise 1: My belief in the reality of external world is grounded in a strong inclination based on my senses.- External world is explain the mental images that we have.Premise 2: This inclination is attributed to the nature in which God created me.- Rene Descartes believe in external world not because of any theoretical explanation, but because God has the power to create it.

The Proof of Material World

Premise 3: If independent material things do not exist, God is a deceiver.- as everything in external world will become an illusionPremise 4: God is not a deceiver.- He is perfect being and the quality of being all good is included in his perfection Conclusion: Therefore, independent material things exist and possess essential properties, as my belief is a product of God's non-deceptive creation.

After using these two arguments to dispel solipsism and skepticism. Descartes seems to have succeeded in defining reality as being in three parts: God (infinite), minds, and material things (both finite). Rene Descartes dedicated the last part to response to the possible criticism on his claim such as phantom limbs, dreams, and dropsy.

This is the end of the Meditation on First Philosophy by Rene Descartes.

Summary of Meditation VI. Of the Existence of Material Things, and of the realdistinction between the Soul and Body of Man.

Descartes' Meditation VI

Rene Descartes states that he wants to expand the "known items" as the only thing for now that is we certainly know is God and self.

"Before asking whether any such objects exist outside me, I ought to consider the ideas of these objects as they exist in my thoughts and see which are clear and which confused."

Descartes separates external objects into those that are clear and distinct and those that are confused and obscure.

The example of clear and distinct external object are the Mathematical concepts. In meditation I those are called simple things but in this context it is an ideas.

Clear and distinct Ideas

The example of Confused and Obscure ideas are the ideas that have Extension, Duration, and Movement in external world.Extension - any external things that has an extension in space or in 3D world.croDuration - any external things that has a time of existence.Movement - any external things that explore in physical world.

Confused and Obscure Ideas

Rene Descartes argues that Mathematics for example geometrical ideas, these cannot be misconstrued or combined in a way that makes them false but the other that have Extension, Duration, and Movement can be.

Testing the Two Concept Of Ideas

The following examples of confused ideas is not directly on the meditation V but this example will explain clearly what Rene Descartes is pertaining on the concept of clear and confused ideas.)

You can combine in your mind the idea of a creature with a human brain, body of a crocodile, eye of an eagle, and teeth of lion. Then construct a question asking if these creature is powerful. There is no certain answer as the ideas is yet to be discover or invented. These ideas have the extension, duration, and movement. Thus, having such those properties is confused eas.

Confused Ideas

On the other hand, no mathematical re-arrangement of a triangle could allow its three internal angles to sum to anything but 180 degrees. These ideas don't have extension, duration, and movement. Thus it is clear and distinct.

Clear Ideas

Summary of Meditation V. Of the essence of material things, and, again, of God,that He exists.

Descartes' Meditation V

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