It is important to embrace difficulties in the process of learning as it is these difficulties that cause the information to eventually become long-term memory. Eg. Simply rereading a textbook vs quizzing oneself difficult questions from the textbook. This idea of generation and attempting(whether successfully or unsuccessfully) to find a solution helps to inform the brain of the gaps in knowledge and when the model solution is revealed, it sticks much better in the mind.

Effortful Learning

"Play like you practice and practice like you play"

Interleaving and adaptability

-Analogy of baseball players that practiced hitting curveballs, then straight balls compared to baseball players that had interleaved practice. baseball player with interleaved practice may have performed poorly in practice but they performed much better in games-we should interleave our practice to mix up our brains in order to help our brain improve its problem recognition, adaptability and flexibility

Interleaving

-Analogy of teacher who made students reflect and type out what they learnt after every lesson-The students proceeded to do well in knowledge retention because they had to take their knowledge, process it and recreate/generate that knowledge-"reflection gives experience meaning"

"write to learn"

Some insights on how to learn better: some ways that are conventional are less effective than you think they are! we are also poor judges of assessing our own learning

Discusses the best methods of learning, describing how rereading and rote repetition are counterproductive and how such techniques as self-testing, spaced retrieval, and finding additional layers of information in new material can enhance learning.

education

Learning & Education

travel

Travel

books

Books

To most of us, learning something "the hard way" implies wasted time and effort. Good teaching, we believe, should be creatively tailored to the different learning styles of students and should use strategies that make learning easier. Make It Stick turns fashionable ideas like these on their head. Drawing on recent discoveries in cognitive psychology and other disciplines, the authors offer concrete techniques for becoming more productive learners. Memory plays a central role in our ability to carry out complex cognitive tasks, such as applying knowledge to problems never before encountered and drawing inferences from facts already known. New insights into how memory is encoded, consolidated, and later retrieved have led to a better understanding of how we learn. Grappling with the impediments that make learning challenging leads both to more complex mastery and better retention of what was learned. Many common study habits and practice routines turn out to be counterproductive. Underlining and highlighting, rereading, cramming, and single-minded repetition of new skills create the illusion of mastery, but gains fade quickly. More complex and durable learning come from self-testing, introducing certain difficulties in practice, waiting to re-study new material until a little forgetting has set in, and interleaving the practice of one skill or topic with another. Speaking most urgently to students, teachers, trainers, and athletes, Make It Stick will appeal to all those interested in the challenge of lifelong learning and self-improvement.

Peter C. Brown is a writer and former management consultant.

Peter C. Brown

Henry L. Roediger III is James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor of Psychology at Washington University in St. Louis.

Henry L. Roediger III

Mark A. McDaniel is Professor of Psychology and Director of the Center for Integrative Research on Cognition, Learning, and Education (CIRCLE) at Washington University in St. Louis.

Mark A. McDaniel

Make It Stick

-visual cues are the greatest catalyst of our behavior-a small change in what your see can lead to a big shift in what you do-i must alter the spaces where i live and work to increase my exposure to positive cues and reduce exposure to negative cues-be a designer of my world instead of a consumer of it

Environment, and Suggestion Impulse Buying

-Oswald Nuckols understood the power of priming his environment. -He had a strategy called resetting the room, where after finishing an activity he put everything back to where it was meant to be.-by depriming the environment, you can prevent negative behaviours. An example includes leaving your phone in a different room to prevent you from using it

"Resetting the room"

-When starting a new habit, scale it down to a two-minute version to reduce the amount of friction required to do it.-"Read before bed each night" becomes "Read one page"- "study for class" becomes " open my notes/ open up studying page"-make your habit as easy to start as possible-Once you've started doing the right thing, it is much easier to keep doing it

The 2 minute rule

-Resisting temptations often does not feel enjoyable because in essence all you doing is nothing.-Instead, make avoidance visible. Reward yourself for making the right decision. -Open a savings account and label it for something you want- maybe "Leather Jacket". Every time you pass on a purchase, put the same amount of money in the account.-The immediate reward of seeing yourself save money toward the jacket feels a lot better than being deprived. You are making it satisfying to do nothing.

Using immediate avoidance to prevent bad habits

To change behavior 4 questions must be asked.-How can i make it obvious?-How can I make it attractive?-How can I make it easy?-How can I make it satisfying?

Behavior Change

-Pair a habit you need to do with habit you should do-Pair a habit you want to do with a habit you should do-Reduce friction for behaviors you want to do, and increase friction for behaviors you want to avoid

Anchoring Good Behavior

THE PHENOMENAL INTERNATIONAL BESTSELLER - 1 MILLION COPIES SOLD Transform your life with tiny changes in behaviour, starting now. People think that when you want to change your life, you need to think big. But world-renowned habits expert James Clear has discovered another way. He knows that real change comes from the compound effect of hundreds of small decisions: doing two push-ups a day, waking up five minutes early, or holding a single short phone call. He calls them atomic habits. In this ground-breaking book, Clears reveals exactly how these minuscule changes can grow into such life-altering outcomes. He uncovers a handful of simple life hacks (the forgotten art of Habit Stacking, the unexpected power of the Two Minute Rule, or the trick to entering the Goldilocks Zone), and delves into cutting-edge psychology and neuroscience to explain why they matter. Along the way, he tells inspiring stories of Olympic gold medalists, leading CEOs, and distinguished scientists who have used the science of tiny habits to stay productive, motivated, and happy. These small changes will have a revolutionary effect on your career, your relationships, and your life. ________________________________ A NEW YORK TIMES AND SUNDAY TIMES BESTSELLER 'A supremely practical and useful book.' Mark Manson, author of The Subtle Art of Not Giving A F*ck 'James Clear has spent years honing the art and studying the science of habits. This engaging, hands-on book is the guide you need to break bad routines and make good ones.' Adam Grant, author of Originals 'Atomic Habits is a step-by-step manual for changing routines.' Books of the Month, Financial Times 'A special book that will change how you approach your day and live your life.' Ryan Holiday, author of The Obstacle is the Way

personaldevelopment

Personal Development

The #1 New York Times bestseller. Over 10 million copies sold! Tiny Changes, Remarkable Results No matter your goals, Atomic Habits offers a proven framework for improving--every day. James Clear, one of the world's leading experts on habit formation, reveals practical strategies that will teach you exactly how to form good habits, break bad ones, and master the tiny behaviors that lead to remarkable results. If you're having trouble changing your habits, the problem isn't you. The problem is your system. Bad habits repeat themselves again and again not because you don't want to change, but because you have the wrong system for change. You do not rise to the level of your goals. You fall to the level of your systems. Here, you'll get a proven system that can take you to new heights. Clear is known for his ability to distill complex topics into simple behaviors that can be easily applied to daily life and work. Here, he draws on the most proven ideas from biology, psychology, and neuroscience to create an easy-to-understand guide for making good habits inevitable and bad habits impossible. Along the way, readers will be inspired and entertained with true stories from Olympic gold medalists, award-winning artists, business leaders, life-saving physicians, and star comedians who have used the science of small habits to master their craft and vault to the top of their field. Learn how to: <ul><li>make time for new habits (even when life gets crazy);</li></ul><ul><li>overcome a lack of motivation and willpower;</li></ul><ul><li>design your environment to make success easier;</li></ul><ul><li>get back on track when you fall off course;</li></ul>...and much more. Atomic Habits will reshape the way you think about progress and success, and give you the tools and strategies you need to transform your habits--whether you are a team looking to win a championship, an organization hoping to redefine an industry, or simply an individual who wishes to quit smoking, lose weight, reduce stress, or achieve any other goal.

James Clear is the author of "Atomic Habits: An Easy & Proven Way to Build Good Habits & Break Bad Ones" He writes about habits, decision-making, and continuous improvement at jamesclear.com. His website receives millions of visitors each month and hundreds of thousands subscribe to his popular email newsletter.His work has appeared in the New York Times, Entrepreneur, Time, and on CBS This Morning. He is a regular speaker at Fortune 500 companies and his work is used by teams in the NFL, NBA, and MLB. Learn more at jamesclear.com

Make It Stick

Atomic Habits

Jeriel Heng