Learn these three skills that will enable you to build any software product that you want&nbsp;

<ul><li>The app or website where you are reading this idea is called the front-end</li><li>It's like a customer in a restaurant who consumes food similarly you are the client who consumes data through the app or website</li><li>That's the reason why we call the mobile app or websites frontend or client-side&nbsp;</li><li>Basically, anything that you can see, touch and interact with is called the front-end&nbsp;</li></ul>

Skill-1 #Ability to build the frontend

<ul><li>Traditionally websites built with HTML, CSS, Javascript&nbsp;</li><li>And android apps with Java or Kotlin and ios apps with swift</li><li>But in current times the speed to ship a product is what makes a company successful indeed it makes you more efficient&nbsp;</li><li>Hence there are many frameworks that have taken over which use to leverage your time&nbsp;</li><li>Frameworks to build web apps are React, Angular and Vue and frameworks to build mobile apps are Flutter, React Native and ionic</li><li>We personally use flutter not because it's the best but we have our hands already dirty on it</li></ul>

Way to build apps and websites

Let's hop back to the restaurant analogy<ul><li>&nbsp;it's the kitchen where the food is being cooked and all the materials are stored</li><li>Similarly, all the data that you throw at the app {Like the number of likes on your profile photo} is very meaningfully stored in the database</li></ul>

Skill-2 #Ability to create your own database

<ul><li>Databases are broad of two types SQL and no SQL you can search easily for their difference</li><li>You should have a knowledge of how both of these databases work and at least be comfortable in any one of them </li><li>The large company uses multiple databases according to their need so having broad knowledge on both the kind really helps</li><li>You don't have to be a master in databases you just need to know the basic queries and the initiation process and schemas to make your own database and start the magic</li></ul>

What to learn in databases

<ul><li>Have you entered a restaurant kitchen and started eating no right!&nbsp;</li><li>The job to serve the right food to the right person is of the waiter&nbsp;</li><li>Similarly, in a software product, the data stored has to be shown on the app to you like this amazing stash is being shown to you know</li><li>This is the job of the API which shows up the information stored in the database in a very meaningful way to you</li><li>it's responsible for showing the right message to the right people, Data encryption, process payments&nbsp;</li><li>And all the magical things that happen while using a piece of software&nbsp;</li></ul>

Skill-3 #Ability to build API's or networking

There are a whole lot of frameworks out there to build API's&nbsp;Some of the popular ones are<ol><li>Express-js {a framework on node-js},&nbsp;</li><li>Django {a framework based on python},&nbsp;</li><li>Rails {a framework based on Ruby}</li></ol>You absolutely don't need to learn all the frameworks you just have to learn one and make a whole lot of projects in order to get the right practice&nbsp;We personally use express you can use any one of the many options available&nbsp;

How to build your own API

Now you are ready to be a full-stack developerIf you want to learn all the aspects in a bit more detail and want to learn the best pathway to learning all these skills fairly quick then check out the source link which is our own youtube video where we have described everything in detail

Programming

3 Skills that every programmer should learn|

More mental models mean you have more ways to solve more problems.Don't you want to know all 25 of them

<ul><li>Most other professions are full of constraints upon one’s ideas.&nbsp;</li><li>Artists operate in a realm where most of these constraints are reduced,</li><li>&nbsp;so the bigger question is, “Why is this unique and interesting?”</li><li>&nbsp;Often the best companies produce things that look like art.&nbsp;</li><li>They are driven by uniqueness and creativity, rather than blandly filling out a list of specs.</li><li>How could your goals and projects be different if coolness, interestingness or refinement of an original idea were your priority?</li></ul>

1. Artist

<ul><li>There are many thinking tools native to economics, but a foundational one is simple.&nbsp;</li><li>People respond to incentives.</li><li>Tyler Cowen, the economist, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=actEhnPE4VM" target="_self">delivers this best</a>, explaining that a key element of economic reasoning is that by changing a system involving people, the people do not stay in place. Instead, they respond to the new incentives accordingly.</li><li>Almost any action you’ll take alters the perceptions of incentives by other people you deal with. The economist in you should ask yourself, “if I change this, how will people react?”</li></ul>

2. Economist

<ul><li>While your financial advisor can only throw darts at picking which stocks will rise,&nbsp;</li><li>And a psychologist can only give hints at what people will do,&nbsp;</li><li>Engineers routinely create things that don’t currently exist and need to work 100% of the time.</li><li>The essence of doing this is to create a model of what you’re trying to work with,&nbsp;</li><li>Measure the relevant variables, and know to what degree of error you can expect in those measurements.&nbsp;</li><li>From there, you can actually know what will happen, instead of just guessing.</li></ul>

3. Engineer

<ul><li>Entrepreneurs often adopt a set of thinking tools that are often rare for normal professionals.</li><li>One major tool is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_prototyping" target="_self">rapid prototyping</a>. Many people see this as a product development strategy.&nbsp;</li><li>But in reality, it’s an abstract thinking tool that applies to a lot more than product R&amp;D.</li><li>Sometimes the right way to solve a problem is simply to do a lot of things and see what works!</li><li>The essence of this thinking tool is that you go out and try a bunch of things, without waiting around for a perfect answer. </li><li>It also requires listening carefully for feedback, so you can get hints as to what to do next.&nbsp;</li></ul>

4. Entrepreneur

<ul><li>Doctors meet patients who have an array of symptoms. </li><li>From there, you need to act like a detective to deduce the most likely disease and create a plan to cure it. </li><li>During this, a wrong move might kill your patient, so you have to choose wisely.</li><li>Your computer doesn’t work. Your business has stopped making money,&nbsp;</li><li>Similarly, many problems can be solved by this thinking tool&nbsp;</li><li>The first thing to do is see what all the possible causes could be.&nbsp;</li><li>Next, you need to rule out as many possibilities based on the symptoms you observe.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Knowing this can help you settle on a most likely diagnosis.</li></ul>

5. Doctor

<ul><li>Journalists rely on a ton of different thinking tools which allow them to write compelling stories that report the news fairly and accurately.</li><li>One of these thinking tools is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact-checking" target="_self">fact-checking</a>. Because journalists often need to interview sources who may be misleading.&nbsp;</li><li>Fact-checking may be time-consuming, but it results in a much more accurate worldview than simply blindly following a stray comment.</li><li>How would your life look if you dug around to check the veracity of key pieces of information you’re depending on to make decisions?&nbsp;</li></ul>

6. Journalist

<ul><li>A basic thinking tool of Scientists is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_control#Controlled_experiments" target="_self">controlled experiment</a>. </li><li>Keep all the variables the same, except the one you want to test, and see what happens. </li><li>Too many people draw inferences from “experiments” that are anything but have many conflicting variables&nbsp;</li><li>that make drawing conclusions about their experiences much more difficult.&nbsp;</li><li>How many of your beliefs about work and life withstand such scrutiny?&nbsp;</li><li>Undergo such testing? Maybe you could benefit from a little more scientific thinking tools in your life.</li></ul>

7. Scientist

<ul><li>The thinking tools of a mathematician depend on having a much higher standard of what constitutes proof of something.&nbsp;</li><li>While an engineer may tolerate precision within some bounds, and an entrepreneur may be satisfied with a hunch,</li><li>&nbsp;a mathematician’s statements must be irrefutable or they don’t count. </li><li>Mathematical thinking tools help you be more rigorous and spot mistakes that may be relevant.</li></ul>

8. Mathematician

<ul><li>Programming encompasses a lot of thinking tools, but the most basic one is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm" target="_self">algorithm</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>Algorithms are a set of steps that can be defined precisely so that they require no intelligence to perform each one,&nbsp;</li><li>yet the net result is a useful product.</li><li>A useful application of this is to look at the things you do and see which could be automated, simplified or refactored.&nbsp;</li><li>you can think more like a programmer in many other domains of life. </li><li>What things do you repeat often in your work which could be automated?</li><li> What ambiguous process could you convert into a foolproof set of steps?</li></ul>

9. Programmer

<ul><li>Architects need to design buildings.&nbsp;</li><li>These are large structures that may take years to build,&nbsp;</li><li>and has to meet all the criteria of clients, contractors, city planners and building codes.</li><li>Oh, and they should also be beautiful.</li><li>One of the great tools of architectures is simply making a model.</li><li>Making a scaled down version of the thing you want to create, so you can see how it looks, and then envisioning how it will be on a larger version</li><li>it is difficult, but it often lets you see how reality will be before it’s too late to change it.</li></ul>

10. Architect

<ul><li>Salespeople work to deeply understand what the customer actually needs, </li><li>And then match them with products and services that fill that void.&nbsp;</li><li>This is incredibly hard to do, as you may recognize that you have the solution to a customer’s problem before they do.</li><li>A key thinking tool for success in this profession is to be able to infer what people’s worries and needs are.&nbsp;</li><li>This is a tool you can apply far beyond making an extra buck, to learn about human behaviour and thought process </li></ul>

11. Salesperson

<ul><li>The discipline embodied by military personnel is a very useful thinking tool. </li><li>By demanding conformity to those protocols, even when there is no danger, there is much less room for slip-ups.</li><li>This kind of discipline is also present in another live-endangering field: medicine.&nbsp;</li><li><a href="http://atulgawande.com/book/the-checklist-manifesto/" target="_self">The Checklist Manifesto</a> takes this idea of military routine and applies it to mundane things like hand-washing, which save lives by avoiding infection.</li><li>Once you know the best way to do something, do it precisely and exactly, without sloppiness or somebody might get hurt.</li></ul>

12. Soldier

<ul><li>Chess has long been considered a game to improve one’s thinking.&nbsp;</li><li>There are plenty of thinking tools that can be mined from the game.</li><li>One is the ability to simulate the game in your mind’s eye.</li><li>&nbsp;A common trick of grandmasters is playing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindfold_chess" target="_self">blindfolded games</a>. </li><li>While this amazes spectators, it actually reinforces a useful practice—being able to see the game in your head,&nbsp;</li><li>So you can calculate future moves your opponent makes.</li><li>Trying to visualize what might happen, and then compare that prediction to reality. This can hone your simulation abilities</li></ul>

13. Chess Master

<ul><li>A useful tool here is how something is made suggests how to use it.&nbsp;</li><li>A well-designed door handle suggests push or pulls, without needing to say it.&nbsp;</li><li>A well-designed light switch should already tell you which rooms will be illuminated when you flip it.</li><li>What if you designed your speeches so that they automatically caused the audience to shift their thinking where you need them to go?&nbsp;</li><li>What if you designed your habits so that you automatically applied them?&nbsp;</li><li>The scope of this thinking tool is really quite broad.</li></ul>

14. Designer

<ul><li>How do you create knowledge inside someone else’s mind?&nbsp;</li><li>Most of us take for granted how amazing teaching actually is, and our own ability to learn from it.&nbsp;</li><li>To be effective, teachers need to have a model of how their pupil's minds see the world and pupils a game plan for changing it.</li><li>To succeed in most professions, you need to be able to make other people see the problems as you do.&nbsp;</li><li>This involves identifying what knowledge they lack and saying the right things&nbsp;</li><li>While this is an obvious skill for teachers, it also can benefit us by improving our ability to explain</li></ul>

15. Teacher

<ul><li>Anthropology is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology" target="_self">study of cultures</a>. </li><li>Unlike economics, which tends to focus on mathematical models, or psychology, which tends to do a lot of careful experiments,&nbsp;</li><li>Anthropologists learn about cultures by man immersing in them.</li><li>How could you immerse yourself in groups to which you don’t belong? Groups of different nationalities or languages? Politics or professions? </li><li>How could you learn how those groups of people function, have them accept you as you live alongside them? these answers lie in anthropology </li></ul>

16. Anthropologist

<ul><li>Psychology has different thinking tools embedded both in its assumptions about human nature, as well as in its methods for discovering it.</li><li>On the subject of psychology itself, there are countless tools. </li><li>Which can help you understand people better</li><li>Psychologists, like all scientists, involves creating experiments.&nbsp;</li><li>However, unlike other scientists, your object of study is human beings,&nbsp;</li><li>This means you often can’t let them know what you’re trying to adjust.</li></ul>

17. Psychologist

Many critics go beyond telling you which books to read and which movies to watch. They build analysis, interpretation and discussion that goes well beyond the original work.The thinking tools involved are quite important, even for people who don’t analyze literature for a living. For starters, there is the ability to pay quite close attention to creative works.&nbsp;Experiencing something much more deeply than just a shallow consumer. Second, there’s the tool of being able to connect that knowledge to a web of other issues and ideas.&nbsp;

18. Critic

one of the philosophers powerful tools is being able to see the unexpected consequences of stretching an idea to its limits. This has two benefits.<ol><li>it can reveal flaws in the original idea, by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum" target="_self">reductio ad absurdum</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>this can help you recognize the fundamental principles behind your vague intuitions of things.&nbsp;</li></ol>By exposing your ideas to stronger, hypothetical critiques, you can see the real mechanisms by which they work.

19. Philosopher

<ul><li>Money is the blood of a business.&nbsp;</li><li>Accounting is the work that watches how it flows around, checking to make sure it isn’t getting clogged up.</li><li>The idea of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_ratio" target="_self">ratio analysis</a>. for instance, is the debt the company owes to the equity put in by the owners. Get too high, and there’s a greater risk of default.&nbsp;</li><li>This kind of analysis is useful to non-accounting domains. you could imagine tracking many other numbers and their ratios: output per hours worked, money earned per hour.</li><li>Organizing the data, keeping track of the details and seeing the patterns beneath the surface are all tools that can be used.</li></ul>

20. Accountant

<ul><li>Politics offers its own set of tools, politician may do a great job, and still get kicked out because of bad PR.</li><li>Therefore the thinking tools possessed by politicians are about calculating&nbsp;</li><li>Not only the effect of some action but also on how that action will be perceived. </li><li>Both by the voting populace, and one’s allies and enemies.</li><li>The thinking tools here mean that sometimes the right decision isn’t possible, </li><li>Simply because other people won’t see it as such, and you don’t have the power to convince them.&nbsp;</li><li>This may be frustrating, but it applies to many parts of reality we’d rather it didn’t.</li></ul>

21. Politician

<ul><li>Many people see stories as the linguistic embodiment of history.</li><li>&nbsp;We take what actually happened and weave it into some words so others can see it for themselves.</li><li>Unfortunately, people understand stories much better than realities. </li><li>So often you need to package up the histories you want to tell people in a way that they can interpret.&nbsp;</li><li>While this applies to writing novels or making movies.&nbsp;</li><li>Telling stories is a part of everyone’s life.</li><li>From “Why do you want to work at this job,” to, “Where do you see yourself in five years?” </li><li>These are all stories, and we need to understand their structures.</li></ul>

22. Novelist

<ul><li>A popular thinking tool for acting is called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_acting" target="_self">method acting</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>This technique involves trying to actually feel the emotions of the character you’re portraying, rather than just faking it.</li><li>This may seem to be a contradiction: how can you feel something you know is fake?</li><li>Changing your emotional state to get the results you want is a great tool used by actors.&nbsp;</li><li>Feeling insecure, but know you need confidence?&nbsp;</li><li>Why can’t you summon that up in yourself as if you’re playing a part?&nbsp;</li><li>But don’t fake it–feel it.</li></ul>

23. Actor

<ul><li>Tradespeople don’t get enough credit for having unique problem-solving tools and strategies.&nbsp;</li><li>Yet those professions often out-earn those with a college degree</li><li>The essence of plumbing, just like many other trades,&nbsp;</li><li>is to get your hands dirty and take something apart to see what’s broken. </li><li>To do this, you need a model of what’s in there—otherwise, you might get water spilling everywhere or a dangerous shock. </li><li>How many of us avoid understanding things because we’re afraid to get our hands dirty? </li><li>We don’t want to risk breaking something, so we never really understand how it works?</li></ul>

24. Plumber

<ul><li>Hacking is one of the most commonly misunderstood skills. </li><li>In practice, hacking is mostly about understanding that there is often a more complicated layer of instructions which a simpler layer is built on top.&nbsp;</li><li>The computer sits in hierarchies, so each level of abstraction simplifies and reduces the layer below</li><li>This thinking tool works for computers, but also other areas of life.&nbsp;</li><li>Remember: everything you see is usually a simplification of a deeper reality. </li><li>Which can mean that the underlying system may be broken in a way you wouldn’t naively expect.</li></ul>

25. Hacker

You're only as smart as your thinking tools. Here are twenty-five tools, drawn from different professions, you can apply to your most difficult challenges!

Self Improvement

Most people think being smart is about having more facts. Trivia-shows like Jeopardy! epitomize this view of knowledge. The smartest people are the people with the most names, dates and places stored away inside their mind.

This is probably the least important and useful part of learning though. Instead of facts, I’d prefer to focus on knowledge that acts as tools. The more you have, the more ways you can approach different problems.

<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Munger">Charlie Munger </a>, Warren Buffet’s long-time investing partner at Berkshire Hathaway, calls these mental models. More mental models means you have more ways to solve more problems.

This is a topic that has been discussed a lot before, but I’d like to take a different angle at it.

Most people define professions by what those professions do. Engineers build things. Economists study money. Psychologists look into people’s minds.

However, while this is an obvious distinction, I’m more interested not in what types of problems professions try to solve, but how they try to solve them. Here, we can uncover a wealth of different thinking tools that are often abstract enough to apply well outside the typical interest of the profession.

Consider economics. Although most people view this as a study of money, it is more like a way of thinking about the world. Hence we have books like <a dir="ltr" href="http://freakonomics.com/">Freakonomics </a>which apply the thinking tools of economics to all sorts of scenarios that have nothing to do with money.

Below are twenty-five tools, I’ve abstracted from the profession I feel exemplifies them best.

Reader’s note: These are not intended to be full descriptions of every tool used by that profession. That would be silly. Instead, I wanted to pluck one tool which seemed unique and abstract enough to share with others. These aren’t meant to reduce the full complexity of a profession down to a single tool, so don’t take it as such.

1. Artist: What if Creativity Were the Priority?

Most other professions are full of constraints upon one’s ideas. They need to be monetizeable, mathematical, under budget and within specifications. Artists operate in a realm where most of these constraints are reduced, so the bigger question is, “Why is this unique and interesting?”

This, however, is a useful thinking tool to apply to many other concerns. Often the best companies produce things that look like art. They are driven by uniqueness and creativity, rather than blandly filling out a list of specs.

How would your work change if you made novelty the biggest priority? How could your goals and projects be different if coolness, interestingness or refinement of an original idea were your priority?

2. Economist: How Do People React to Incentives?

There are many thinking tools native to economics, but a foundational one is simple. People respond to incentives.

Tyler Cowen, economist, <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=actEhnPE4VM">delivers this best </a>, explaining that a key element of economic reasoning is that by changing a system involving people, the people do not stay in place. Instead, they respond to the new incentives accordingly.

Almost any action you’ll take alters the perceptions of incentives by other people you deal with. The economist in you should ask yourself, “if I change this, how will people react?”

3. Engineer: Can I Model This and Calculate?

Engineering, being built off of the hard sciences, has some of the most precise and accurate estimates in any profession. While your financial advisor can only throw darts at picking which stocks will rise, and a psychologist can only give hints at what people will do, engineers routinely create things which don’t currently exist and need to work 100% of the time.

The essence of doing this is to create a model of what you’re trying to work with, measure the relevant variables, and know to what degree of error you can expect in those measurements. From there, you can actually know what will happen, instead of just guessing.

My team and I applied this recently to a problem we had involving predicting our sales. We decided to make a model of sales numbers based on how long people had subscribed and how often they had been offered a chance to sign up. From there, we will be able to make much better estimates of our sales, whereas our guesses before would often be wildly off the mark.

4. Entrepreneur: Do a Lot of Things; See What Works

Entrepreneurs often have too little money, resources, support or time. Yet they need to scramble together a solution that will somehow make money. They can do this by adopting a set of thinking tools that is often rare for normal professionals.

One major tool is <a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_prototyping">rapid prototyping </a>. Many people see this as a product development strategy. You make something that just barely works to see if anyone wants it. But in reality, it’s an abstract thinking tool that applies to a lot more than product R&amp;D.

The essence of this thinking tool is that you go out and try a bunch of things, without waiting around for a perfect answer. It also requires listening carefully for feedback, so you can get hints as to what to do next. Speed and volume make up for making decisions in a noisy environment full of uncertainty.

Sometimes the right way to solve a problem is simply to do a lot of things and see what works!

Doctors meet patients who have an array of symptoms, some of which they probably aren’t telling you (or can’t). From there, you need to act like a detective to deduce the most likely disease and create a plan to cure it. During this, a wrong move might kill your patient, so you have to choose wisely.

A good thinking tool from medicine is the idea of using symptoms to deduce a disease, and comparing with base rates to make highly-accurate decisions.

While this applies to medicine, there’s a lot of places where diagnosis is important. Your car is making a funny noise. Your computer doesn’t work. Your business has stopped making money.

The first thing to do is see what all the possible causes could be. This requires study and knowledge. Next, you need to rule out as many as possible based on the symptoms you observe. Finally, of the options that are left, which are rare afflictions and which are fairly common? Knowing this can help you settle on a most likely diagnosis.

Journalists rely on a ton of different thinking tools which allow them to write compelling stories that report the news fairly and accurately.

One of these thinking tools is <a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact-checking">fact-checking </a>. Because journalists often need to interview sources who may be misleading (or even hostile), it’s important to corroborate what was said from independent sources. Fact-checking may be time consuming, but it results in a much more accurate world-view than simply blindly following a stray comment.

How would your life looked if you dug around to check the veracity of key pieces of information you’re depending on to make decisions? Imagine if you had to report what you know in the New York Times . Would it need to be retracted later?

7. Scientist: Make a Hypothesis and Test It

Scientists discover truths about the world. To do this, they need thinking tools.

A basic thinking tool of science is the <a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_control#Controlled_experiments">controlled experiment </a>. Keep all the variables the same, except the one you want to test, and see what happens. This requires meticulous preparation and design to prevent outside contamination from breaking your results.

Too many people draw inferences from “experiments” that are anything but. They have many conflicting variables that make drawing conclusions about their experiences much more difficult. What if you approached your diets like a scientist? Your working routines? Would you still believe them after?

How many of your beliefs about work and life withstand such scrutiny? Undergo such testing? Maybe you could benefit from a little more scientific thinking tools in your life.

8. Mathematician: You Don’t Know Until You Can Prove It

The thinking tools of a mathematician depend on having a much higher standard of what constitutes a proof of something. While an engineer may tolerate precision within some bounds, and an entrepreneur may be satisfied with a hunch, a mathematician’s statements must be irrefutable or they don’t count.

One way you can see this thinking tool influence non-mathematical domains is in an adjacent field such as programming. During my <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.scotthyoung.com/blog/myprojects/mit-challenge-2/">MIT Challenge </a>, I heard lecturers talk about the MIT style of programming versus the one originating out of Bell Labs. MIT, which was more mathematical and academic, tended to be more rigorous in proving its programs worked, while Bell Labs was often happy with an algorithm which seemed to do the job, even if they couldn’t guarantee it.

Mathematical thinking tools help you be more rigorous, and spot mistakes which may turn out to be relevant.

9. Programmer: What’s the Pattern I Can Automate?

Programming encompasses a lot of thinking tools, but the most basic one is the <a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm">algorithm </a>. Algorithms are a set of steps that can be defined precisely, so that they require no intelligence to perform each one, yet the net result is a useful product.

A useful application of this is to look at the things you do and see which could be automated, simplified or refactored. Programmers can spot repeated code and try to abstract out the essence of what is redundant into something that can do what you need automatically.

Beyond just being able to write code yourself, you can think more like a programmer in many other domains of life. What things do you repeat often in your work which could be automated? What ambiguous process could you convert into a foolproof set of steps?

Architects need to design buildings. These are large structures which may take years to build, and nonetheless meet all the criteria of clients, contractors, city planners and building codes. Oh, and they should also be beautiful.

To do this, architects need a suite of thinking tools (and software) to take an idea, and envision what it will be like, exactly, on a large scale, after millions of dollars have been spent. One of those tools is simply making a model.

Making a scaled down version of the thing you want to create, so you can see how it looks, and then envisioning how it will be on a larger version is difficult, but it often lets you see how reality will be before it’s too late to change it.

11. Salesperson: Understand Their Minds Better than They Do

Selling often gets a bad rap. People think it’s all about trickery and deceit as you try manipulating someone into buying something they probably shouldn’t.

Although this is the stereotype, the actual reality is rarely like this. Instead, salespeople work to deeply understand what the customer actually needs, and then match them with products and services that fill that void. This is incredibly hard to do, as you may recognize that you have the solution to a customer’s problem, before they do.

A key thinking tool for success in this profession is to be able to infer what people’s worries and needs are by their (often contradictory behavior). What language do they use? How do their actions differ from their stated intentions? What can you infer about this?

This is a tool you can apply far beyond making an extra commission. What does your spouse really want, rather than what they’re telling you? What about your friends? Your boss?

12. Soldier: Routine and Discipline Prevent Deadly Mistakes

The discipline embodied by military personnel is a very useful thinking tool, even outside of combat situations. Discipline and routine become a safeguard against careless mistakes which could cost lives. By demanding conformity to those protocols, even when there is no danger, there is much less room for slip-ups.

Making your bed every morning may not prevent casualties, but if you can follow that procedure perfectly, you’ll also be more likely to follow the ones that may save your life. This kind of discipline is also present in another live-endangering field: medicine. <a dir="ltr" href="http://atulgawande.com/book/the-checklist-manifesto/">The Checklist Manifesto </a>takes this idea of military routine and applies it to mundane things like hand-washing, which save lives by avoiding infection.

Once you know the best way to do something, do it precisely and exactly, without sloppiness or somebody might get hurt.

13. Chess Master: See The Moves In Your Mind’s Eye

Chess has long been considered a game to improve one’s thinking. While it’s doubtful that years of chess study will necessarily make you smarter, there are plenty of thinking tools which can be mined from the game.

One is the ability to simulate the game in your mind’s eye. A common trick of grandmasters is playing <a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindfold_chess">blindfolded games </a>. While this amazes spectators, it actually reinforces a useful practice—being able to see the game in your head, so you can calculate future moves your opponent makes.

This is often helpful in other domains outside of chess. Trying to visualize what might happen, and then compare that prediction to reality. This can hone your simulation abilities, so when you’re in a tight spot you’ll be able to predict what happens next.

14. Designer: The Things You Make Communicate For You

One of my favorite books is <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.amazon.com/Design-Everyday-Things-Revised-Expanded/dp/0465050654">The Design of Everyday Things </a>. While this book is meant for designers, it is really a book of thinking tools designers should cultivate. As such, it’s something you can pick up and read even if you’ve never made anything in your life.

A useful tool here is how something is made suggests how to use it. A well-designed door handle suggests push or pull, without needing to say it. A well-designed light switch should already tell you which rooms will be illuminated when you flip it.

What if you designed your speeches so that they automatically caused the audience to shift their thinking where you need them to go? What if you designed your habits so that you automatically applied them? The scope of this thinking tool is really quite broad.

15. Teacher: Can You See What it is Like Not to Know Something Obvious?

How do you create knowledge inside someone else’s mind? How can you give them abilities they didn’t have before?

Most of us take for granted how amazing teaching actually is, and our own ability to learn from it. To be effective, teachers need to have a model of how their pupils minds see the world, as well as a game plan for changing it.

To succeed in most professions, you need to be able to make other people see the problems as you do. This involves identifying what knowledge they lack and saying the right things to get them where you are now. While this is an obvious skill for teachers, it also benefits programmers trying to explain their code, doctors trying to articulate the reasons for a medical procedure or a leader who wants employees to follow a vision.

16. Anthropologist: Can You Immerse and Join Another Culture?

Anthropology is the <a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology">study of cultures </a>. Unlike economics, which tends to focus on mathematical models, or psychology, which tends to do a lot of careful experiments, anthropologists learn about cultures by actually immersing in them.

How could you immerse yourself in groups to which you don’t belong? Groups of different nationalities or languages? Politics or professions? Hobbies, sports, religions or philosophies? How could you learn how those groups of people function, have them accept you as you live alongside them?

17. Psychologist: Test Your Understanding of Other People

Psychology has different thinking tools embedded both in its assumptions about human nature, as well as in its methods for discovering it.

On the subject of psychology itself, there are countless tools. Cognitive biases, models of attention, morality, preferences, instincts, memory and more. Dozens of books could be written on how to think better about other people by using these tools and there have been.

Interestingly, psychology is also a profession with its own set of tools for discovering psychology. Like all scientists, this involves creating experiments where you can control all but the variable you want to study. Unlike other scientists, however, your object of study are human beings, which means you often can’t let them know what you’re trying to adjust.

18. Critic: Can You Build on The Work of Others?

Twenty-Five Useful Thinking Tools | Scott H Young

"Failure isn't a necessary evil. In fact, it isn't evil at all. It is a necessary consequence of doing something new.

Is having right people with you a more important aspect, or having the right idea?&nbsp;According to Ed Catmull (The President and Co-Founder of Pixar Studios), having right people takes the edge.&nbsp;<ul><li>If you give a good idea to a mediocre team, they will screw it up.&nbsp;</li><li>If you give a mediocre idea to a brilliant team, they will either fix it or throw it away and come up with something better.</li><li>Getting the right people and the right chemistry is more important than getting the right idea.</li></ul><a href="https://fourminutebooks.com/how-google-works-summary/" target="_self">Hire inspired people</a>, then give them good ideas. Never try to do it the other way around.

What's more important? People, or Ideas?

Not being surprised by failure when it happens, the people at Pixar acknowledge it up front. They greet it right at the door. By accepting that <a href="https://fourminutebooks.com/mistakes-were-made-but-not-by-me-summary/" target="_self">mistakes are just part of the deal</a>, they can design their processes to be iterative, meaning they can weed out the mistakes they find with the next project and not repeat them again.At Pixar mistakes are never made by individuals, only by teams. When failure happens, the entire team is responsible.Failure-sharing is exactly that. When everyone feels safe to take risks do you have an environment where <a href="https://fourminutebooks.com/creative-confidence-summary/" target="_self">everyone can have the courage to be creative</a>.

Risk Taking: Individual or A Team's Effort?

“It’s not the manager’s job to prevent risks. It’s the manager’s job to make it safe for others to take them.”

<ul><li>There’s one thing you should definitely hand over before you enter your building, and that’s boredom.</li><li>Let everyone design their own workspace to keep boredom out of your building.</li><li>Creativity is about embracing that people are different – that’s how it happens in the first place, so you should encourage your employees to show who they are by letting them design their own workspace.</li><li>Let everyone work according to their own working style, whether that’s <a href="https://fourminutebooks.com/remote-summary/" target="_self">remote or in-house</a>, in the morning or at night, more alone or more in teams. Focus on the results, not the design.</li></ul>

Creativity, an antonym for boredom?

From a co-founder of Pixar Animation Studios—the Academy Award–winning studio behind Coco, Inside Out, and Toy Story—comes an incisive book about creativity in business and leadership for readers of Daniel Pink, Tom Peters, and Chip and Dan Heath. NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER | NAMED ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR BY The Huffington Post • Financial Times • Success • Inc. • Library Journal Creativity, Inc. is a manual for anyone who strives for originality and the first-ever, all-access trip into the nerve center of Pixar Animation—into the meetings, postmortems, and “Braintrust” sessions where some of the most successful films in history are made. It is, at heart, a book about creativity—but it is also, as Pixar co-founder and president Ed Catmull writes, “an expression of the ideas that I believe make the best in us possible.” For nearly twenty years, Pixar has dominated the world of animation, producing such beloved films as the Toy Story trilogy, Monsters, Inc., Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Up, WALL-E, and Inside Out, which have gone on to set box-office records and garner thirty Academy Awards. The joyousness of the storytelling, the inventive plots, the emotional authenticity: In some ways, Pixar movies are an object lesson in what creativity really is. Here, in this book, Catmull reveals the ideals and techniques that have made Pixar so widely admired—and so profitable. As a young man, Ed Catmull had a dream: to make the first computer-animated movie. He nurtured that dream as a Ph.D. student at the University of Utah, where many computer science pioneers got their start, and then forged a partnership with George Lucas that led, indirectly, to his co-founding Pixar in 1986. Nine years later, Toy Story was released, changing animation forever. The essential ingredient in that movie’s success—and in the thirteen movies that followed—was the unique environment that Catmull and his colleagues built at Pixar, based on leadership and management philosophies that protect the creative process and defy convention, such as: • Give a good idea to a mediocre team, and they will screw it up. But give a mediocre idea to a great team, and they will either fix it or come up with something better. • If you don’t strive to uncover what is unseen and understand its nature, you will be ill prepared to lead. • It’s not the manager’s job to prevent risks. It’s the manager’s job to make it safe for others to take them. • The cost of preventing errors is often far greater than the cost of fixing them. • A company’s communication structure should not mirror its organizational structure. Everybody should be able to talk to anybody.

Career

From a co-founder of Pixar Animation Studios—the Academy Award–winning studio behind Coco, Inside Out, and Toy Story—comes an incisive book about creativity in business and leadership for readers of Daniel Pink, Tom Peters, and Chip and Dan Heath. NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER | NAMED ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR BY The Huffington Post • Financial Times • Success • Inc. • Library Journal Creativity, Inc. is a manual for anyone who strives for originality and the first-ever, all-access trip into the nerve center of Pixar Animation—into the meetings, postmortems, and “Braintrust” sessions where some of the most successful films in history are made. It is, at heart, a book about creativity—but it is also, as Pixar co-founder and president Ed Catmull writes, “an expression of the ideas that I believe make the best in us possible.” For nearly twenty years, Pixar has dominated the world of animation, producing such beloved films as the Toy Story trilogy, Monsters, Inc., Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Up, WALL-E, and Inside Out, which have gone on to set box-office records and garner thirty Academy Awards. The joyousness of the storytelling, the inventive plots, the emotional authenticity: In some ways, Pixar movies are an object lesson in what creativity really is. Here, in this book, Catmull reveals the ideals and techniques that have made Pixar so widely admired—and so profitable. As a young man, Ed Catmull had a dream: to make the first computer-animated movie. He nurtured that dream as a Ph.D. student at the University of Utah, where many computer science pioneers got their start, and then forged a partnership with George Lucas that led, indirectly, to his co-founding Pixar in 1986. Nine years later, Toy Story was released, changing animation forever. The essential ingredient in that movie’s success—and in the thirteen movies that followed—was the unique environment that Catmull and his colleagues built at Pixar, based on leadership and management philosophies that protect the creative process and defy convention, such as: • Give a good idea to a mediocre team, and they will screw it up. But give a mediocre idea to a great team, and they will either fix it or come up with something better. • If you don’t strive to uncover what is unseen and understand its nature, you will be ill prepared to lead. • It’s not the manager’s job to prevent risks. It’s the manager’s job to make it safe for others to take them. • The cost of preventing errors is often far greater than the cost of fixing them. • A company’s communication structure should not mirror its organizational structure. Everybody should be able to talk to anybody.

Creativity, Inc.

<ul><li>Time blocking is a time management technique.</li><li>This type of <a href="https://www.ntaskmanager.com/blog/top-time-tracking-software/" target="_self">time tracking</a> requires that you divide your day into defined slots or chunks of time.&nbsp;</li><li>Each block of time is dedicated to completing a specific task&nbsp;</li><li>When you manage your time in this way you are ensuring your <a href="https://www.ntaskmanager.com/blog/gtd-getting-things-done-apps/" target="_self">work gets complete</a>,</li><li>&nbsp;And ensures you are just doing one task at a time and not multitasking</li><li>This also means that you will not have to <a href="https://www.ntaskmanager.com/blog/best-focus-apps-to-keep-you-focussed-and-distraction-free/" target="_self">decide what to focus</a> on.</li><li>&nbsp;You will not be making constant choices about spending your time but simply following a time blocked schedule.</li></ul>

What is Time Blocking?

Time Management

<ul><li>This method of time management is designed for focus.&nbsp;</li><li>You are effectively guarding against distraction.</li><li>A <a href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2010/11/wandering-mind-not-a-happy-mind/" target="_self">study</a> conducted in 2010 by Harvard psychologists, found that people spend 46.9% of their waking hours thinking about something other than what they are doing.</li><li>With such <a href="https://www.ntaskmanager.com/blog/best-time-management-apps/" target="_self">time management</a>,</li><li>&nbsp;you don’t just know what you have to get done but also when you have to get it done.</li></ul>

How Does Time Blocking Work?

There are certain variations of this <a href="https://www.ntaskmanager.com/blog/quadrants-of-time-management-matrix/">time management method</a> that are worth considering.Some of the most common types include: day theming, task batching, and time boxing. Let’s go over each briefly.

Variations of Time Blocking

<ul><li>This type of time management is a great way for somebody who has multiple kinds of work to be done.</li><li><a href="https://www.bluekeyinc.com/blog/culture/the-power-of-day-theming-for-pm-productivity" target="_self">Day theming works</a> by dedicating a day of the week to each responsibility a person has.</li><li>Dedicating a single day to a particular type of task allows you to create a reliable work pattern&nbsp;</li><li>Thus, you limit the <a href="https://www.ntaskmanager.com/blog/what-is-cognitive-bias/" target="_self">cognitive load</a> of context switching.</li></ul>" A <a href="https://www.hcii.cmu.edu/news/event/2004/10/work-fragmentation-common-practice-paradox-it-support" target="_self">study</a> found that most people average only 3 minutes on a task before they switch to something else."<ul><li>Moreover, this allows you to lessen your <a href="https://www.ntaskmanager.com/blog/decision-making-skills/" target="_self">decision making fatigue</a> and lets you focus on the work of the day.</li></ul>

1. Day Theming

<ul><li><a href="https://memory.ai/timely-blog/task-batching" target="_self">Task batching</a> is when you batch similar tasks together so you can do them all at once.</li><li>By focusing on like items together you can create a <a href="https://www.ntaskmanager.com/blog/best-workflow-management-software/" target="_self">more concentrated workflow</a>,&nbsp;</li><li>give more focus to your work,&nbsp;</li><li>and minimize distractions thus allowing you to <a href="https://www.ntaskmanager.com/blog/how-to-be-more-productive-10-productivity-tips-to-stay-focused/" target="_self">become more productive</a>.</li><li>Task batching is effective because it breaks the cycle of context switching and creates structure around chunks of time.</li><li>This allows you to commit to a particular task without constant interruption and distraction.</li></ul>

2. Task Batching

<ul><li>Time Boxing follows the idea of allocating a defined amount of time in advance to an activity</li><li>&nbsp;And then complete the activity within the time frame you defined.</li><li>The “time box” that you define ensures that you work efficiently&nbsp;</li><li>Because you only have a limited time to complete your task.</li><li>Timeboxing involves limiting the time you spend on the activity, and hense making you highly efficient&nbsp;</li></ul>

3. Time Boxing

<ul><li>Encourages you to Reflect on your Priorities</li><li>Promotes Focused Deep Work</li><li>Combats Perfectionism and Procrastination</li><li>Discourages Multitasking</li><li>It helps you Follow Through on Your Goals</li><li>You Become Aware of how you Spend your Time</li><li>It Becomes Easier to say no to certain things</li></ul>

Benefits of Time Blocking

Here is our guide to time blocking your schedule to get the most out of your day. Follow these tips to meet your deadlines and become efficient in project delivery.

It is a common sentiment to want a little more time in your day. Especially in today’s era of hyper-connectivity where distractions are countless and <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.ntaskmanager.com/blog/best-to-do-list-apps/">to-do lists </a>are the length of your arm.

While no one can increase the number of hours you have in a day, there are ways you can make the most out of the hours that you do have.

Let’s talk time blocking .

Time blocking could be the way you organize your daily schedule and the answer to your productivity problems.

Here’s everything you need to know about the <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.ntaskmanager.com/blog/effective-time-management-techniques/">time management technique </a>used by the likes of Bill Gates and Elon Musk.

Time blocking is a time management technique.

This type of <a dir="ltr" href="https://www.ntaskmanager.com/blog/top-time-tracking-software/">time tracking </a>requires that you divide your day into defined slots or chunks of time. Each block of time is dedicated to completing a specific task or group of tasks, and only those.

CHECK THEM OUT!

3 Skills that every programmer should learn|

CHARLIE MUNGER

Twenty-Five Useful Thinking Tools | Scott H Young

ED CATMULL

Creativity, Inc.

What is Time Blocking?

Everything you need to Know about Time Blocking - nTask

Why networking?

The Importance of Networking: Why Networking Skills are Necessary

.css-d7z4j9{font-family:'Source Sans Pro',sans-serif;font-size:2rem;line-height:2.5rem;letter-spacing:-0.125%;font-weight:700;}CHECK THEM OUT!

3 Skills that every programmer should learn|

CHARLIE MUNGER

Twenty-Five Useful Thinking Tools | Scott H Young

ED CATMULL

Creativity, Inc.

What is Time Blocking?

Everything you need to Know about Time Blocking - nTask

Why networking?

The Importance of Networking: Why Networking Skills are Necessary

CHECK THEM OUT!