Chatbots are essentially AI systems that are trained to have human-like conversations with customers; the idea is that chatbots can answer most of the simple questions that customers would have, and if there are any complicated questions, they can get referred to a representative at the company.

What are AI Chatbots?

The process that chatbots process when analyzing a prompt is as follows:1) Get input from the user2) Analyze the request from the user3) Identify what the user is asking4) Form an answer for the question using known information

How do Chatbots Work?

One of the most powerful and popular chatbots in recent times is ChatGPT; due to its versatility and immense knowledge bank, it can answer almost any question. Even though it has only been around for six months, people have understood now more than ever what AI is capable of.

The Rise of ChatGPT

The main reason why so many people use ChatGPT, and why Microsoft ended up acquiring it, is because of its reliability and versatility. Since you can ask it any question, many people have found ways to incorporate it into their daily lives. Since ChatGPT is the first of its kind, it also inspired other similar chatbots to start popping up across the internet. This period is widely considered the age of AI because of how widespread and popular these AI platforms have become.

Why is ChatGPT so Popular?

Despite its many capabilities, ChatGPT has a few shortcomings:1) Struggles to describe events after September 20212) Sometimes writes incorrect answers that appear to be correct3) Can be jailbroken to display prompts unintended by OpenAIOver time, with more advancements and learning, ChatGPT will eventually overcome these limitations.

What are the Limitations of ChatGPT?

Although the future of technology is bright with AI at the forefront, there are a lot of questions about the ethics of using AI systems in place of human labor; many people say that AI systems, because of their ability to perform simple tasks efficiently, will replace a lot of manual labor.At this point, AI is relatively under control; however, as it becomes more advanced and capable, we have to be careful where we implement it.

What is the future of ChatGPT and other Chatbots?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPThttps://www.sciencefocus.com/future-technology/gpt-3/https://www.zdnet.com/article/how-to-use-chatgpt/https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2023/02/what-is-chatgpt-doing-and-why-does-it-work/https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/how-to-use-openai-chatgpt-text-generation-chatbot/

Sources and Further Reading

Recently, AI systems have taken the world by storm, but why are they so popular?

Learn about AI chatbots including what they are, how they compare to rule-based chatbots, and a few things to consider if you’re in the market.

technologyandthefuture

Technology & The Future

computerscience

Computer Science

humanresources

Human Resources

artificialintelligence

Artificial Intelligence

scienceandnature

Science & Nature

An Introduction to AI Chatbots

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (or CRISPR for short) is a process in which DNA strands are cut at specific locations so that they can naturally repair themselves.

What is CRISPR?

As mentioned before, CRISPR describes the process in which a faulty segment of DNA is removed and is replaced with a properly functioning piece. To be more specific, the Cas9 Enzyme (which is found in CRISPR) first enters the DNA sequence and cuts out the faulty strand. For the Cas9 Enzyme to cut the correct spot, a guide RNA is used.Once the faulty strand is successfully removed, CRISPR generates a double-stranded DNA break which triggers cellular DNA repair pathways that correct the genome.

How does CRISPR Work?

Some of the main use cases for CRISPR are as follow:<ul><li>Correction of genetic errors that cause diseases</li><li>Elimination of microbes that cause disease</li><li>Resurrection of Species</li><li>Creation of new and healthier foods</li><li>Eradication of harmful pests</li></ul>

What is the Future of CRISPR?

Despite CRISPR's large success, there are a variety of ethical issues with the practice. Some of these issues are listed below:<ul><li>Lack of appropriate supervision over the technology</li><li>Lack of uniformity will cause discrepancies when using CRISPR in different nations</li><li>Experimentation with the human genome is illegal in some countries</li><li>Potential privacy and security breaches </li></ul>

What are the Issues with CRISPR?

CRISPR is one of the most fascinating innovations of the 21st century and has almost limitless applications. As we understand the domain better, we can improve existing technologies to the point where we can create more biologically advanced humans. Although the prospect of more advanced humans is incredibly riveting, it has a large amount of ethical issues alongside it.Overall, the study is one of great importance to the scientific community, and will remain as such for the foreseeable future.

Conclusion

How Does CRISPR Work:https://crisprtx.com/gene-editing/crispr-cas9https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34365511/Future Applications:https://futurism.com/crispr-genetic-engineering-change-worldEthical Concerns:https://www.bu.edu/khc/files/2018/10/CRISPR-Ethics-reading.pdf

Extra Sources

CRISPR is one of the most important scientific discoveries in modern day. In the following stash, you will learn about what CRISPR is, how it works, what applications it has, and what issues surround it.

Glossophobia, simply put, is the fear of Public Speaking. Glossophobia affects nearly 77% of world population and causes feelings of intensity during social interactions.

What is Glossophobia?

Some of the most common symptoms of Glossophobia include:- Significant fear or dread of Public Speaking- Avoidance of situations that directly involve Public Speaking- Difficulty doing tasks with others- Having low self-esteem - Depression and Anxiety

What are the Symptoms of Glossophobia?

Biological Factors:Glossophobia, for some, may be due to genetics. Some people are naturally very shy from birth, and as a result, struggle in social situations.Learned Behaviors:Children who grow up around shy parents might also start to develop Glossophobia. If a parent protects their child from social interactions for example, the child tends to isolate from said interactions in the future.Past Experiences:Those who have experienced traumatic events in Public Settings are likely to develop Glossophobia. Interactions in uncomfortable settings can cause or further develop Glossophobia.

What are the Causes of Glossophobia?

Glossophobia has been seen as a direct result of social anxiety, and is diagnosed as such.

Diagnosis of Glossophobia

Psychological Interventions, like therapy, are known to be effective treatments for Social Anxiety and Glossophobia. Two of the most common types of therapy for Social Anxiety are as follows:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - Therapy based on talking to fix issues like anxiety and depression.Exposure Therapy - Helping one overcome their phobia by slowly exposing them to it more and more.

How to Overcome Glossophobia

There are many ways that you can cope with Glossophobia without avoiding social situations:1. Recognize where your anxious feelings are coming from (This can help you talk in public without wondering why you are feeling anxious).2. When giving a presentation, focus on the topic (People are not thinking about you but rather about what you are saying).3. Try to make eye contact (Individuals are more likely to be interested in your presentation if you make eye contact).4. Experiment with different strategies to calm your nerves (This can help you stay confident in the moment).

How to cope with Glossophobia

Glossophobia is a very widespread phobia and causes feelings of anxiety in social situations. It leads to symptoms like anxiety or low self-esteem and can be caused by genetics, learned Behaviors, or past experiences.Luckily, there are lots of ways to treat this phobia, and eventually it can be reduced or even resolved.

Glossophobia is the fear of Public Speaking. In the following stash, we will discuss what Glossophobia is, how it can happen, and what can be done to treat it.

Glossophobia is the fear of public speaking. Learn about the symptoms, causes, treatment, and ways to cope.

Understand yourself and those around you.

psychology

Psychology

personaldevelopment

Personal Development

health

Health

What Is Glossophobia?

Health Benefits include the following:
	- Improves Brain Health
	- Weight Management
	- Lowers risk of disease
	- Strengthens Bones
	- Living Longer

What are the Health Benefits of Exercise?

One of the main health benefits seen with exercise comes in the form of brain health. After only one exercise session, you can observe a boost in your overall thinking abilities. Routine exercise can help your learning, judgement, and thinking abilities even as you age. In addition to that, exercise can reduce the risk of depression, lower symptoms of anxiety, and can help you sleep better.

Brain Health

Another one of the biggest, most obvious, health benefits of exercise is Weight Management.You gain weight when you consume more calories than you are able to burn. For this reason, exercise is incredibly useful since it allows you to maintain a balance between the amount of calories you consume, and the amount that you burn. Even moderate physical activity for 30 minutes each day can go an incredibly long way in maintaining your weight. In order to lose weight, one simply needs to exercise more.

Weight Management

Exercise can reduce the risk of the following:

Cardiovascular Disease: Heart Disease and Stroke are the two leading causes of death in the United States. For that reason, it is very important to exercise for enough time. 
Type 2 Diabetes: Exercise is able to reduce blood pressure which, in turn, leads to a lower chance of Diabetes.
Cancer: Although it does not stop cancer entirely, there are a handful of cancers that exercise can prevent: Bladder, Breast, Colon, and Kidney to name a few.

Lower Risk of Disease

The older that you get, the more important it becomes to keep your bones and muscles strong. Exercise can ensure that you are able to complete daily activities and stay physically active at the same time. Although this is more important for adults, the benefits can be seen regardless of age.

Strengthens Bones

Because of the various different health benefits mentioned above, it can be assumed that exercise will allow you to live longer. Even a small amount of exercise can go an incredibly long way in terms of helping increase your lifespan.

Living Longer

Overall, one can see that exercise alone is enough to completely change your life. Not only does it improve your physical health, but it also manages to improve your mental health as well. The more exercise you do, the more you will benefit!

Exercise, contrary to popular belief, has a LOT of positive effects on the body. Today, I will be exploring those benefits with you!

Regular physical activity improves your brain health, helps with weight management, reduces disease, strengthens bones and muscles, and improves your ability to do everyday activities. Learn more.

exerciseandfitness

Exercise & Fitness

Benefits of Physical Activity

Dark Energy and Dark Matter are two of the most interesting components of our universe. Although they may sound the same, they have some key differences which separate them from each other. Today, I will be showing and explaining these very important distinctions, as well as explaining a similarity that they share.

What is Dark Energy and Dark Matter?

Dark Energy, in contrast to Dark Matter, makes up 69.5% of all matter and is responsible for the expansion of our universe. For reference, all other visible matter makes up 0.5% of the universe.The interesting component of Dark Energy is that it behaves oppositely to that of Gravity. In other words, it exerts a repulsive force instead of an attractive force. This is the main reason why we can say that the universe is expanding. Without Dark Energy, the universe wouldn’t have the capability to expand at all.

Dark Energy

Dark Matter, although in considerably less abundance than Dark Energy, still makes up 30% of our universe.Dark Matter is an attractive force, similar to that of gravity, which holds matter together.Dark Matter plays a vital role in the formation of galaxies. This is primarily because of the fact that Dark Matter acts as an Invisible Glue that can hold galaxies together.

Dark Matter

Despite the fact that both Dark Energy and Dark Matter are opposite in nature, there is one thing that is common between them: invisibility. Neither Dark Matter nor Dark Energy reflect, emit, or absorb ANY sort of light. This is the main reason why they both are incredibly difficult to detect.What this means is that they are both completely hidden, and the only way that we, as humans, know of their presence is through their effect on the Gravity.

Similarity

Over time, various astronomers have studied supernovae and distant galaxies in order to observe the expansion of the universe. While researching, these scientists still had a set of expectations. One of these expectations was that the universe expanded at a constant rate.Much to their surprise, they noticed that the universe was expanding exponentially. This is very significant because up until now, scientists were under the assumption that the universe was not able to expanding this rapidly.Dark Energy serves as the reason why the universe is expanding exponentially and not linearly.

Research

To conclude:Dark Matter is an attractive force that holds matter together while Dark Energy is a repulsive force that pushes matter outwards.They both are very difficult to detect because they don’t emit, absorb, or reflect light at all. Despite this, they are still very widely researched. Scientists we able to uncover that the universe is expanding exponentially instead of linearly due to the abundance of Dark Energy.Overall, Dark Matter and Dark Energy are some of the most interesting occurrences in our universe, and we still have much to learn about them.

Articles:<ul><li><a href="https://astronomy.com/news/2020/03/whats-the-difference-between-dark-matter-and-dark-energy">https://astronomy.com/news/2020/03/whats-the-difference-between-dark-matter-and-dark-energy</a></li><li><a href="https://phys.org/news/2015-03-dark.html">https://phys.org/news/2015-03-dark.html</a></li></ul>Videos:<ul><li><a href="https://youtu.be/AAhWLN2qHGs">https://youtu.be/AAhWLN2qHGs</a></li><li><a href="https://youtu.be/QAa2O_8wBUQ">https://youtu.be/QAa2O_8wBUQ</a></li></ul>

Additional Resources

Dark Energy and Dark Matter are two of the most interesting phenomena in the universe. Today we will be exploring what they are and how they are fundamentally different from one another.

All the atoms and light in the universe together make up less than five percent of the total contents of the cosmos. The rest is composed of dark matter and dark energy, which are invisible but dominate the structure and evolution of the universe. Dark matter makes up most of the mass of galaxies and galaxy clusters, and is responsible for the way galaxies are organized on grand scales. Dark energy, meanwhile, is the name we give the mysterious influence driving the accelerated expansion of the universe. What these substances are and how they work are some of the major challenges facing modern astronomers.

Dark Energy and Dark Matter

Although at first glance it seems like a simple question, there are multiple different factors that all play into the element of fear that drives our actions.In this thread, I will introduce you to some of the major things that play into the fear that we experience almost on a daily basis.

Why do we feel fear?

The primary way in which fear is utilized is as a primitive survival mechanic. In other words, fear is a form of conditioning that humans have developed to protect themselves from danger of any sort.

Survival

Another factor that plays into the fear that we feel is anticipation of bad things potentially happening. For example, if you were travelling on a plane for the first time, you would anticipate about how safe the ride is and whether you will land safely and on time.

Anticipation

In specific situations, fear can also be a form of entertainment and excitement.From things like rollercoasters to horror movies, the thrill of fear is what leads into the excitement gained from the experience.

Excitement

Fear is one of the most interesting aspects of nature, and it reveals a lot about how primitive and bound to nature humans are.Although we aren't able to fully conquer it, we are still able to embrace it and maybe even gather some enjoyment out of it.

<ul><li>https://exploringyourmind.com/why-do-we-like-to-experience-fear/</li><li>https://www.livinginwellbeing.org/why-do-we-feel-fear/</li><li>https://www.selfhelpcollective.com/top-10-fears.html</li></ul>

Extra Reading

Fear is one of the most integral parts of society and has shaped the way that we work together in order to accomplish tasks. Today, I will be discussing the different ways that this reaction can occur.

Why Do We Fear? - Fear responses are instinctive reactions to potentially dangerous situations. Learn about fear responses and the evolution of fear.

How Fear Works

Insomnia is one of the more common afflictions to affect the world seeing as there are more than 3 million cases each year.Insomnia itself can be characterized by a general lack of sleep.

What is Insomnia?

As mentioned before, Insomnia entails that an individual lacks the ability to sleep soundly. Additionally, Insomnia also entails symptoms such as Depression, Anxiety, or even a general lack of concentration.Insomnia is also known to affect people of all ages but is most commonly seen in people ages 60 and above as well as in Teenagers. Insomnia also has many different treatments but does not have any known cure.

Background Information

There are three fundamentally different types of Insomnia all of which affect people differentlyThe first type is known as Transient Insomnia which means that the general lack of sleep only lasts for less than a week.The second type is known as Acute Insomnia which means that the Insomnia is short-term. This could be anything between a week and a month.The last type is known as Chronic Insomnia which means that Insomnia lasts for extended periods of time. Anything that lasts more than a couple of months could be considered chronic.

The Three Different Types

There are various different situations and events that could potentially lead to Insomnia. Some of the common ones include:<ul><li>Changes in Sleeping Environments</li><li>Stress (job loss, loss of a loved one, etc)</li><li>Illnesses (especially those that increase stress)</li><li>Unhealthy Lifestyle Habits (working late, diet, etc)</li><li>Irregular Sleeping Habits</li></ul>

Causes of Insomnia

Insomnia can be diagnosed in several different ways, however, the most common ways are as follows:<ul><li>Daily Sleep Logs</li><li>Test for Low Oxygen Levels</li><li>Melatonin Sampling</li><li>Home Sleep Apnea Testing </li><li>Computerized Tomography (CT) Scan</li></ul>

How is Insomnia Diagnosed?

One of the most famous experiments regarding sleep deprivation was about a man named Randy Gardner who decided to stay up for 11 nights in order to see the effect on his body. Some of the effects include:<ul><li>Hallucinations</li><li>Inability to focus</li><li>Trouble Understanding Surroundings</li><li>Slurred Speech</li><li>Very Confused and Forgetful</li></ul>Note that Insomnia is a cycle that never ceases to persist. For that reason, a lot of the effects mentioned above can impact people with Insomnia on a daily basis.

Studies and Experiments

As can be seen, Insomnia is one of the most difficult disorders to deal with. Since Insomnia leads to disorders like Anxiety and Depression, it becomes a loop that is hard to put an end to.Due to the fact that it also has no known cure, it becomes even more difficult to deal with.Long story short, being able to sleep peacefully is a blessing and should never be taken for granted!

Key Takeaways

Types of Insomniaemedicinehealth.com/what_are_the_3_types_of_insomnia/article_em.htmCauses of Insomniahttps://www.sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-causes-insomnia#:~:text=Common%20causes%20of%20insomnia%20include,problems%2C%20and%20specific%20sleep%20disordersRandy Gardner Stanford Experimenthttps://www.inc.com/melissa-chu/this-stanford-experiment-reveals-what-happens-when-you-dont-sleep-for-11-days.html

Sources

Insomnia is one of the most deadly disorders that have a vast array of different impacts. With this, I hope to provide new insight into the disorder and the different impacts that it can have.

Insomnia is a sleep disorder that causes difficulty in falling asleep, staying asleep, or getting quality sleep. The three types of insomnia include transient insomnia (less than one week), acute insomnia (short term), and chronic insomnia (long term).

Types of Insomnia: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes, Diagnosis

For many different people across the world, Music is one of the most integral parts of their day, myself included.Even as I am creating this, I have music playing in the background. Using observation, are we able to find convincing evidence that Music helps us focus and study more effectively?

Does Music Help You Study Better?

Before delving into the specifics, there are two general ideas to keep in the back of your head while we progress:<ol><li>Different types of music can have varying effects on study patterns (classical music effects differ from lyrical music effects).</li><li>Different songs, and subsequently different lyrics, can also affect studying patterns (if a lyric was very deep, it invokes a specific thought which could distract you from studying).</li></ol>

In general, listening to Music has a plethora of different, positive effects on the human body. Some of these positive effects include:<ol><li>Reduction in stress</li><li>Alleviation of depression symptoms</li><li>Increases workout endurance</li><li>Elevation of Mood</li><li>Stimulation of Memories</li></ol>

The Positives of Music

Now for the main question: Does Music really help us study better? Yes and no.Music, depending on what it is that you are studying, can either help you or restrict you. For example, if you are trying to memorize certain terms for a biology class, having music in the background can be very helpful.However, if you were reading a novel or trying to interpret a specific text, having music in the background can end up being more of a distraction than a tool for success.

Effectiveness During Study

<ol><li>In 2011, there was a study regarding the effectiveness of background music that was performed with ADHD Students.</li></ol>The study revealed that although there were a couple of people that got distracted, the majority of the classroom was able to improve as a result of there being background music.<ol><li>In 2014, a study was conducted on young adults to measure whether classical music was able to help them perform better on memory-based tasks. </li></ol>The study did in fact reveal that by listening to classical music, there was a significant improvement in performance on these memory-based tasks.

Convincing Evidence?

Circling back to the Background Information, it should be noted that although music is seen to improve studying for groups of people OVERALL, that does not mean that it will help every single person.This means that you should try it for yourself! If you are able to focus on your work more easily as a result of background music playing in the background, then do it! Otherwise, make sure to create the most optimal work environment for yourself.However, with the majority in mind, there is convincing evidence to show that Music does help you study better.

(Positive Effects of Music)https://www.northshore.org/healthy-you/9-health-benefits-of-music/ (ADHD Music Study)https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21695447/(Classical Music Young Adult Study)https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4197792/

Other Sources

Music is one of the most common necessities that many people would struggle to go without in their lives. The question we are exploring today is whether or not listening to Music helps study better.

You might have heard music improves concentration, but it’s not that simple. There are ways music and studying can work together, and some ways they can’t.

music

Music

Here’s How Music Can Help You Concentrate

Portal Guns, simply defined, is a hypothetical device that would essentially create a portal that could transport an object from one part of the universe to another.Additionally, Portal Guns in general have seen a variety of applications in games like Portal or even TV shows such as Rick and Morty.

Portal Guns 

Contrary to popular belief, there is actually legitimate science that could cement the potential possibility of these portal guns. Understand that there are a couple of parameters that must be met first in order for the Portal Gun to even function.

The Science Behind It

Before we jump into anything else, let it be known that there has to be a fuel source of some sort in order for the Portal gun to function.Even when viewing the Portal Guns in games or TV shows, there is always a substance that allows the Portal Gun to work. Although we have no idea what that substance could be, we could loop it under the term, Exotic Matter. Exotic Matter is a type of matter that is unknown to the human race yet which could have abstract/unique properties.

Fuel Source

Suppose that we are able to acquire a potential fuel source for this Portal Gun. What would the actual portal even be made out of?This is where Wormholes come into play.Wormholes are essentially interdimensional gateways between two different points across the fabric of spacetime. In simpler terms, it allows you to travel from one end of the universe to another really really fast.

The Actual Portal

I know that we have already made a lot of assumptions today, but let's make one more for the sake of simplicity; The Exotic Matter mentioned earlier can stabilize this hypothetical Wormhole.Why would the wormhole need to be stabilized? The reason is that wormholes themselves are very unstable, and for the theoretical ones that could exist in our universe, they would collapse after mere milliseconds of being open. This is obviously a problem, because if they are not open, then we do not have a portal to travel through.

Connecting the Dots

Before we get to the final product, there are a couple of key things to keep in mind.In order for the portal to appear wherever you shoot it, that essentially means that there has to be a wormhole everywhere. One idea is that there are wormholes being formed and collapsed so fast that they are never able to materialize. However, if we were to use our stabilizing Exotic Matter to stabilize one of these wormholes, then we have essentially created a portal gun. The only outstanding problem is that there is no way to determine where exactly we will land.

Noteworthy Pointers

Although there are still some questions as to how practical this Portal Gun would be, it is officially complete! Granted it might not be the most useful invention ever created, it is certainly interesting to delve into the specifics and really try to understand all of the factors that would help construct such a device. Science Fiction in general has many different concepts like this, and every single one is worth the time to investigate.

Final Product

Although this series of ideas only outlined one of the potential ways that a Portal Gun could be possible, there are some other ways that they could exist.I would describe them all, but that takes the fun out of it!If this was an interesting read for you, I highly suggest scouring the internet for different articles about Portal Guns or YouTube videos that detail the science behind them!It is a great way to pass the time, and it sheds a lot of light as to what is really possible in our universe, and what is simply MAKE BELIEVE!

Interesting Takeaways

Portal Guns are some of the most interesting theoretical devices that have been thought up in Science Fiction, and today, I will be diving into the specifics as to how they could be possible.

Wormhole - Wikipedia

With the holidays in mind, I am sure that many of you must be very excited. But why exactly do we get so excited?Dopamine is a chemical messenger made in the brain which is released when expecting a reward. In other words, whenever experiencing an activity that is pleasurable, dopamine is released. When dopamine is released, you end up feeling more happy than you did in the moments prior. While you're opening your Christmas presents, the dopamine levels in your body increase in anticipation of getting the present inside. With that being said, enjoy the rest of your holidays!

How does Dopamine Work?

Dopamine is strongly associated with pleasure and reward. It's also involved in motor function, mood, and even our decision making. Learn about symptoms of too much or too little dopamine and how it interacts with drugs and hormones.

An Introduction to AI Chatbots

What is CRISPR?

What Is Glossophobia?

Benefits of Physical Activity

Dark Energy and Dark Matter

Sidharth Bharatwaj