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The History of Coffee
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Coffee: An Ethiopian Legend
The story goes that that Kaldi discovered coffee. He noticed his goats became energetic after eating the berries from a certain tree.
Kaldi shared his findings with the abbot of a monastery, who found a drink from the berries kept him alert. The abbot, in turn, shared his findings with other monks. Word moved east and coffee reached the Arabian peninsula.
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Coffee In The Arabian Peninsula
Coffee cultivation and trade began on the Arabian Peninsula. Coffee was being grown in the Yemeni district of Arabia. By the 16th century, it was known in Persia, Egypt, Syria, and Turkey.
Coffee was enjoyed in homes and also in the many public coffee houses. Coffee houses quickly became such an important center for the exchange of information that they were often referred to as “Schools of the Wise.”
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Coffee Comes to Europe
By the 17th century, coffee had made its way to Europe and was becoming popular across the continent. Despite the controversy, coffee houses were quickly becoming centers of social activity and communication in the major cities of England, Austria, France, Germany, and Holland.
Coffee began to replace the common breakfast drink beverages of the time — beer and wine.
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Coffee In The New World
In the mid-1600s, coffee was brought to New Amsterdam, later called New York by the British.
When the colonists revolted against a heavy tax on tea imposed by King George III, known as the Boston Tea Party, it changed the American drinking preference to coffee.
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Coffee Plantations Around the World
There was fierce competition to cultivate coffee outside of Arabia.
The Dutch finally got seedlings in the latter half of the 17th century. The plants thrived on the Island of Java, what is now Indonesia.
The Dutch had a productive and growing trade in coffee and expanded the cultivation to the islands of Sumatra and Celebes.
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Coffee Comes to the Americas
In 1714, the Mayor of Amsterdam presented a gift of a young coffee plant to King Louis XIV of France.
A young naval officer, Gabriel de Clieu obtained a seedling from the King's plant and transported it safely to Martinique.
This seedling was the parent of all coffee trees throughout the Caribbean, South and Central America. After crude oil, coffee became the most sought commodity in the world.
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Coffee was first mentioned as a medicine
The first person known to write about coffee was a Persian physician and philosopher named Rhazes or Razi (850 to 922 AD), who characterized it as a medicine.
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Coffee In The Ottoman Empire
It was the Ottoman Empire that brought coffee to entirely new places, for new reasons:
- The Muslim religion's prohibition of alcohol consumption gave a big lift to coffee.
- Coffee became a substitute for wine.
Coffee diffused quickly throughout the Ottoman Empire, giving rise to the world's first coffee houses.
Coffee: "The bitter invention of Satan"
The Muslim coffees were introduced to Christian Europe but met with strong resistance from the Catholic Church. The Pope's Councilmen asked Pope Clemente VIII to declare the black beverage "the bitter invention of Satan."
The Pope opted for a taste before deciding. He liked what he tried, declaring, "this devil's drink is so delicious ... we should cheat the devil by baptizing it."
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Ancient Mesopotamia
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The world's favorite fast food
Pizza is the world's favorite fast food, with some three billion pizza sold every year in the US alone.
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History of Pizza
Pizza - pieces of flatbread, topped with savories - was a simple and tasty meal for those who could not afford plates.
- Early pizzas appear in Virgil's Aeneid. Aeneas and his crew ate thin wheaten cakes with mushrooms and herbs scattered on them.
- In the 18th century Naples, pizza as we know it came into being. With a struggling urban economy and a great number of poor inhabitants, they needed food that was cheap and easy to eat. Pizza met this need.
Pizzas were scorned
For a long time, pizzas were associated with poverty and scorned by food writers.
In 1831, Samuel Morse described pizza as a ‘species of the most nauseating cake … covered over with slices of pomodoro or tomatoes, and sprinkled with little fish and black pepper and I know not what other ingredients, it altogether looks like a piece of bread that has been taken reeking out of the sewer.’