Eric Bright's Key Ideas from Upstream: How to Solve Problems Before They Happen
by Dan Heath

• Expedia: 58% of customers who booked travel on Expedia placed a call afterwards for a copy of their itinerary. No one was responsible for ensuring that customers didn't need to call for support. It was identified as an upstream problem. Once changes were in place, the need for customers to call for help decreased to 15%.
• Dutch Bicycle Company: VanMoof regularly received complaints that many of its bikes were damaged during shipping. They started printing images of flat-screen televisions on their shipping boxes, thinking couriers would be more careful. It resulted in 70 - 80% less damage.

• Problem blindness. "This problem is inevitable." You can't fix a problem you can't see.
• A lack of ownership. "It's not my problem to fix." People resist acting on a problem because they may feel it is not their place. When no one owns the problem, it probably won't get solved.
• Tunnelling. "I can't solve the problem right now." Researchers found when people lack money, time or mental bandwidth, the little problems take preference over the big ones. When people juggle many issues, they give up trying to solve them and instead adopt tunnel vision.

In 2014, the C-section rate in Brazil was 57%, the highest in the world. In the country's private health system, 84% of children were delivered by C-section. The system was designed to prefer C-sections. After educating doctors and patients, the upstream solution caused a 40% increase in natural childbirth.

The move away from problem blindness is the shocking realisation that you've come to treat the abnormal as normal.

Organisations have a tendency for downstream thinking. To succeed, leaders should change the focus to upstream thinking.

• Identify problems early
• Target leverage points in complex systems
• Find reliable methods to measure success
• Consider new ways of working together
• Embed their successes into systems.

Find new ways of working together:

• Hand the problem to the right people.
• Give them enough notice of that problem.
• Align their efforts toward preventing instances of the problem.

Measures can fool you in three ways:

• “A rising tide lifts all boats.” Your measure shows that you're succeeding, but you mistakenly attribute your success to your own work.
• Your short-term measures don't align with your long-term mission.
• Your short-term measures became the mission and undermined the real work.

• “Rising tides” test. What else might explain the short-term success other than our efforts?
• Misalignment test. How can we find misalignment as early as possible? What alternative measures could provide potential replacements?
• Lazy bureaucrat test. What would someone do to succeed on the measures with the least possible effort?
• Defiling-the-mission test. If short-term success undermines your long-term mission, what was the cause?
• Unintended consequences test. What if we succeed at our mission, but cause negative unintended consequences? What should we pay attention to?

Banning plastic bags in San Diego caused serious unintended consequences.

The deadly 2017 hepatitis A outbreak in San Diego is attributed to the lack of plastic bags. Homeless people used the bags to dispose of their own waste. But when the bags became hard to come by, the alternatives were much less sanitary.