Ethics: Tribal morality is displayed by both animals and humans

Nature provides evidence of co-operation amongst animals and plants, which is how “ecosystems” come into being in the first place.

Animals behaviour can often appear to be “moral” when viewed from the outside, but they live in a non-conscious, non-symbolic world of instinct. We differ from animals by doing what we do consciously. Human beings are able to choose and take responsibility for the decisions that they make. If human beings are “selfish” then they are so in an oddly co-operative way, otherwise there wouldn’t be families, tribes and societies.

MARX - An “ideology” is shared attitudes, values & beliefs. There are different economic "modes of production" throughout history that shape our ideologies & morality.

An individual may believe they are acting on “moral” grounds, but they will always be acting in the interests of the predom...