Freud's work is often viewed with scepticism as it was based on observations and case studies of his patients, not on empirical research.

However, Freuds' theories are still thought of as important and used as the foundation of psychoanalysis.

Id is already seen at birth and is directed by instinct, desire and need.

The id is fuelled by the pleasure principle and wants all impulses immediately satisfied. The id drives newborn's behaviour - their immediate needs drive them. Since the id is an unconscious entity, i...

• Freud's theory oversimplifies the complexity of human nature.
• Freud taught that the superego develops in childhood because children are afraid of punishment and pain. But research shows that children who fear punishment the most do not develop morality

The superego controls the id and tries to get the ego to aspire to moralistic standards. The superego emerges between the ages of 3 and 5 and differentiates between right and wrong.

The superego consists of:

• The conscious. This p...

Just like the id, the ego strives for pleasure, but realistically. Ego ensures to keep id in check and express it in socially acceptable ways. The ego may delay gratification, compromise, or anything else that will avoid the negative consequences of going against the norm.

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