The 4 Phenotypes Graph - Deepstash
The 4 Phenotypes Graph

The 4 Phenotypes Graph

Cipolla imagined the four types along a graph, like this:

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_M._Cipolla#/media/File%3ACipolla-matrix.svg

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“An idea is something that won’t work unless you do.” - Thomas A. Edison

In 1976, Carlo M. Cipolla, professor of economic history at the University of California, Berkeley published an essay outlining the fundamental laws of a force he perceived as humanity’s greatest existential threat: Stupidity. We (still) grossly underestimate the stupid, and we do so at our own peril.

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Method 4: Exaggerating

Method 4: Exaggerating

To make things seem bigger than what they are, marketers can use these methods / tools

  • The Gee Whiz Graph - basically adding more numbers on the graph to create an upward or downward trend that otherwise looked like a straight line.
  • Bar Graphs ...

Deceptive graphs

A graph maker may choose a small range of a larger graph to highlight a little difference or association and make it look more significant.

Take care to note the graph's labels along the axes. Question unlabelled graphs.

The 4 Phenotypes - The 3 Non-Stupid

This law also introduces three other phenotypes that Cipolla says co-exist alongside stupidity.

First there is the intelligent person, whose actions benefit both himself and others.

Then there is the bandit, who benefits himself at others’ expense.

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