“Nothing so much assists learning as writing down what we wish to remember.”

A mental model is a mental, simplified depiction of how something works. It influences our perception, decisions, and behavior. Learning means upgrading your mental models. The more models you have — the bigger your toolbox — the more likely you are to have the right models to see reality.

Mental models and learning

It's knowing how to learn. Learning itself is a skill, and knowing how to do it well is an incredibly valuable advantage.Merely acquiring information is not learning. People need the ability to make sense of complexity and to combine many bits of data into a broad picture of the world, especially in today's high-information world.

Meta-Learning

Acquiring information and learning are not the same thing.To learn, we need to get the information into our latticework of mental models. For a higher return of investment of reading, we need to engage with the information we read and reflect on it.

The cycle of learning

What you can’t explain to others, you don’t understand yourself.The single best strategy for organizing constant growth is by involving fellow human beings. To test your understanding of something — anything — explain it to someone.

Engage in active recall

It's a visual technique for summarizing the material that is specifically designed for the purpose of building a mental picture and seeing new connections. Mind-mapping is great for getting the core concepts of the book and ‘seeing’ how they relate to each other.It works great for understanding the broad picture and updating your mental representation of your reality.

Mind mapping

You should not waste your time by committing unimportant details to memory. Your focus should be on understanding the bigger picture, on how things relate to each other.

Remembering the right things

After you’ve completed a chapter, write bullet points on what you want to take away from it.It will give you a concise list of bullet points per chapter, without interrupting the flow of reading and without you having to write stuff you don’t care about.

Written active recall 

The QEC (question/evidence/method) described by Cal Newport: "Reduce the information presented to you into questions paired with conclusions. Between the two, list the evidence that justifies the connection. In other words, the questions and the conclusions become a wrapper around the raw facts — transforming them into self-contained ideas."

The QEC method

<ul><li>Active reading: is reading with the conscious intention to understand, integrate and evaluate the information you’re reading.</li><li>Passive reading: where you just take the words in.</li></ul>

Active reading vs. passive reading

Intentionally direct the workings of your subconscious mind while you’re sleeping.<ul><li>Every night, take out an empty piece of paper and jot down thoughts and a follow-up question relating to what you’ve been trying to understand. </li><li>Every morning the first thing you do after waking - answer last night’s question.</li></ul>

Put your unconsciousness to work

Learning is a two-step process:<ul><li>Read/listen: feeding ourselves new information.</li><li>Process and recall what you’ve just ‘learned’: connecting new materials to what we already knew.</li></ul>

Learning has 2 phases 

Learning how to learn: how to make your ROI on reading explode Learning is a heavily misunderstood concept. As a paradigm example of deep work, we understand that, when reading, directing your full attention to the material at hand is essential. Grasping complex information is hard. But this is only half the battle.

Engage in active recall

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Comparisons and mimicry

5. Teach What You Learn

Learning languages: embrace mistakes