The insight that the best ideas are imperfect is vital to remember if we want to learn how to make decisions and take action.

For example, Albert Einstein developed the general theory of relativity, which is one of the most important ideas in modern physics. However, while his ideas explain how the universe works, it breaks down in certain cases (like inside black holes.)

We can develop a broad collection of thinking frameworks, also known as metal models. The more mental models you possess, the more tools you have in your thinking toolbox.

For example, ways to think about productivity:

• The 2-minute rule. If something takes less t...