Everyone knows what it feels like to have consciousness: it’s that self-evident sense of personal awareness, which gives us a feeling of ownership and control over the thoughts, emotions and experiences that we have every day.

Everyone Knows Consciousness

Just because consciousness has been placed in the passenger seat, does not mean we need to dispense with important everyday notions such as free will and personal responsibility. In fact, they are embedded in the workings of our non-conscious brain systems. They have a powerful purpose in society and have a deep impact on the way we understand ourselves.

Are We Looking To Own Consciousness, To Then Disown It?

If this sounds strange, consider how effortlessly we regain consciousness each morning after losing it the night before; how thoughts and emotions – welcome or otherwise – arrive already formed in our minds; how the colours and shapes we see are constructed into meaningful objects or memorable faces without any effort or input from our conscious mind.Consider that all the neuropsychological processes responsible for moving your body or using words to form sentences take place without involving your personal awareness.

The Curtain Goes Up. The Play Begins. 

Oakley and Halligan suggest that our personal awareness does not create, cause or choose our beliefs, feelings or perceptions. Instead, the contents of consciousness are generated “behind the scenes” by fast, efficient, non-conscious systems in our brains. All this happens without any interference from our personal awareness, which sits passively in the passenger seat while these processes occur.Put simply, we don’t consciously choose our thoughts or our feelings – we become aware of them.

We Just Sit In The Passenger Seat

Oakley and Halligan’s thinking has been influenced by research into neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as more recent cognitive neuroscience studies using hypnosis. The studies using hypnosis show that a person’s mood, thoughts and perceptions can be profoundly altered by suggestion.

The Theatre Has A Prompter

During hypnosis, similar areas of the brain are active during the involuntary and the suggested “alien” movement, while brain activity for the intentional action was different. So, hypnotic suggestion can be seen as a means of communicating an idea or belief that, when accepted, has the power to profoundly alter a person’s mood, thoughts, perceptions or behaviour.

The Involuntary And The “Alien”

If the experience of consciousness does not confer any particular advantage, it’s not clear what its purpose is. But as a passive accompaniment to non-conscious processes, Oakley and Halligan don’t think that the phenomenon of personal awareness has a purpose, in much the same way that rainbows do not. Rainbows simply result from the reflection, refraction and dispersion of sunlight through water droplets – none of which serves any particular purpose.

What Is Consciousness Then For?

Oakley and Halligan’s conclusions also raise questions about the notions of free will and personal responsibility. If our personal awareness does not control the contents of the personal narrative which reflects our thoughts, feelings, emotions, actions and decisions, then perhaps we should not be held responsible for them.

And If Something Is Suggested, Is It Really Ours?

Most experts think that consciousness can be divided into two parts: the experience of consciousness (or personal awareness), and the contents of consciousness, which include things such as thoughts, beliefs, sensations, perceptions, intentions, memories and emotions.

No One Knows Consciousness

In such studies, participants go through a hypnosis induction procedure, to help them to enter a mentally focused and absorbed state. Then, suggestions are made to change their perceptions and experiences.For example, in one study, researchers recorded the brain activity of participants when they raised their arm intentionally, when it was lifted by a pulley, and when it moved in response to a hypnotic suggestion that it was being lifted by a pulley.

The Hand And The Pulley

In response to this, Oakley and Halligan argue that free will and personal responsibility are notions that have been constructed by society. As such, they are built into the way we see and understand ourselves as individuals, and as a species. Because of this, they are represented within the non-conscious processes that create our personal narratives, and in the way we communicate those narratives to others.

An Unconscious Part, Not An Unconscious Whole

It’s easy to assume that the contents of consciousness are somehow chosen, caused or controlled by our personal awareness – after all, thoughts don’t exist until until we think them. But in a research paper in Frontiers of Psychology, professors David A. Oakley and Peter W. Halligan argue that this is a mistake.

We Are Not The Drivers Of This Our Car

All this may leave one wondering where our thoughts, emotions and perceptions actually come from. Oakley and Halligan argue that the contents of consciousness are a subset of the experiences, emotions, thoughts and beliefs that are generated by non-conscious processes within our brains.This subset takes the form of a personal narrative, which is constantly being updated. The personal narrative exists in parallel with our personal awareness, but the latter has no influence over the former.

The Personal Narrative

The personal narrative is important because it provides information to be stored in our autobiographical memory (the story we tell ourselves, about ourselves), and gives human beings a way of communicating the things we have perceived and experienced to others.

Why Do Our Brains Tell Us This Story?

This, in turn, allows us to generate survival strategies; for example, by learning to predict other people’s behaviour. Interpersonal skills like this underpin the development of social and cultural structures, which have promoted the survival of human kind for millennia.So, Oakley and Halligan argue that it is the ability to communicate the contents of one’s personal narrative – and not personal awareness – that gives humans their unique evolutionary advantage.

We Survive Thanks To This Story

If consciousness is analogous to the rainbow which accompanies physical processes in the atmosphere but exerts no influence over them, what does this mean for the rainbow and what for us?

The Hand And The Pulley

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Induction and suggestions

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