1. The Law of Exercise– repetition strengthens learning. (Or, “Practice makes perfect”.) Learning by repetition is called Rote Learning or “Parrot Fashion”.
2. The Law of Effect– the effect of reward is to strengthen learning. (Or, “If it’s pleasurable, it will be repeated”.).

...

• The Primacy / Recency Effect refers to whether we discover information about someone earlier (Primacy) or later (Recency). The Primacy Effect–“first impressions count”–occurs from the moment of meeting a person (within second...

…..Because,

• It causes the individual to AVOID BEING PUNISHED rather than stop the undesired behavior. ex: a person avoids getting caught etc..
• It can cause the individual to associate the punishment with the PUNISHER, rather than the BEHAVIOUR. 
• It may train an individu...

1. Proximity– because the dots are close together, they are perceived together as a line.
2. Continuity– we tend to perceive two lines crossing rather than two V- shapes.
3. Similarity– vertical columns are perceived rather than horizontal rows.
4. Closure– missing parts are assu...

• Why do many animals form social groups? In one word: SURVIVAL! This applies to both INDIVIDUAL and SPECIES survival.
• Individual Survival requires protection (including shelter from the weather and getting food).
• Species Survival requires reproduction (involving finding a suit...

• “Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour of humans and animals.”
• Nothing is Certain: We can never be certain about the future. Just because something’s alway...

1.  Recognition is mainly Assimilation– taking in the surroundings, checking that things are the same, provides comfort and security.
2. Learning, is mainly Accommodation– adding new information to change existing knowledge. 

If there was too much recognition– if everything sta...

Natural Selection comes in two parts.

1. First, changes can occur from one generation to the next. This is now known to be random “mutations” in the genes.
2. Second, there is the meaning of “Selection”: Changes that are b...

• SELF- ACTUALIZATION: the innate human motivation to ACHIEVE OUR POTENTIAL by using and developing our talents and abilities. Each time we experience such a sense of fulfillment is called a PEAK EXPERIENCE. 
• In order to reach Self- Actualization, we have to satisfy lower “needs” that ...

• It’s found that the optimum period between response and reinforcement is about half a second, i.e. almost immediately. This is very important. For example, if a parent wants to reward or punish a child, then to be effective it should ...

1. Compatibility: people tend to “pair off” with those who are generally similar or “matching”.
2. Rewards and Costs: attention, affection, trust, security, sharing, skills, information, status, money, energy, reproduction, sex…
3. Specific Factors

Familiarity and Exposure...

The Halo Effect occurs when we generalize a person’s Central Traits. For example, if someone is perceived as basically “good” or “likeable”, then we tend t...

• ……These are ways to unconsciously protect ourselves from unpleasant ideas. In small doses, they help everyday survival.
• It’s natural to seek situations that give comfort, especially when under stress. Sucking a finger, thu...

1. An openness to all experience.

2. An ability to live fully in every moment.

3. The will to follow their own instincts, rather than the will of others.

4. Freedom in thought and action, e.g. spontaneity, flexibility

5. Much creativity.

• “Cognitive” basically means “Thinking”– perceiving, memory, language, problem- solving, and so on. 
• The mind is ACTIVE and constantly looking for MEANINGS. They especially studied this in relation to visual perception, e.g. recogn...

An attitude can be divided into 3 aspects:

1. Cognitive–the beliefs (factual & neutral) e.g. “Smoking is a major cause of cancer”.

2. Affective–the emotional feelings e.g. “I hate the smell of cigarettes”.

3. Behavioural–the actions taken e.g. “I only eat in non-smoking restaura...

• The Id is inborn and It operates by The Pleasure Principle– the baby seeks pleasure and avoids the unpleasurable. The Id typically wants immediate gratification. 
• The