21st-century learning or skills

In the late 20th century, socio-constructivism highlighted the role of context, in particular social interaction.

The criticism against the information-processing constructivist approach to learning is that the mind is not isolated from the world around it. Knowledge is not sufficient i...

Constructivism started in the 1970s and 1980s.

• The idea is that learning is not passive, but that learners have to make sense of their world by interpreting information actively.
• Earlier influential theorists include Jean Piaget and Jerome Bruner.
• The commo...

Howard Gardner's theory challenges the understanding of intelligence as a single general ability. He argues that every person's level of intelligence actually consists of many distinct bits of intelligence, namely:

1. logical-mathematical
2. linguistic
3. spatial
...

The behaviorist perspectives of learning originated in the early 1900s. The main idea of behaviorism is that learning consists of a change in behavior because of obtaining, strengthening and applying associations between input from the world, and observations of the individual.

It puts experience at the center of the learning process.
Carl Rogers is an influential proponent of these theories, suggesting that people have a natural inclination to learn, that they learn when they are fully involved in the learning process. He stated:

• "Learning can only b...

Learning theories develop hypotheses that describe how learning takes place.

The major theories of learning are the following: 

• behaviorist theories 
• cognitive psychology 
• constructivism
• social constructivism 
• experie...

Situated learning theory recognizes that there is no learning which is not situated. Learning occurs most effectively within communities - e.g., cooperation, problem-solving, building trust, understanding, and relations.

Thomas Sergiovanni argues that academic and social outcomes wi...

Cognitive psychology started in the late 1950s and contributed to the move away from behaviorism.

• Instead of viewing people as collections of responses to external stimuli, people are viewed as information processors.
• Cognitive psychology was influenced by the comp...