"The object of life is not to be on the side of the majority, but to escape finding oneself in the ranks of the insane."

Philosophy then teaches us the fundamental techniques to find meaning and purpose. At some point in our lives, we have to ask and answer the following questions for ourselves.<ul><li>What is true?</li><li>Why do I believe it to be true?</li><li>How should I live based on what I believe?</li></ul>Not answering these questions will result in a mental or emotional crisis, such as depression, anxiety, and an inability to find a sense of purpose.

Why philosophy matters

Philosophy deals with concepts that are abstract and universal. Much effort goes into redefining definitions of ideas such as justice, equality, and freedom. These abstract ideas spread to ground-level activists and politicians who, over the years, materialize these ideas that reshape our lives.Unless you are aware of them and notice the intellectual forces shaping and dictating how you view the world, you are helpless and will be influenced by them.

Philosophy: abstract and universal concepts

<ul><li>Descartes wrote "I think; therefore I am." He realised we could never be sure that our perceptions are true - Memories could be invented. Your room could be a hallucination. - The fact that he could ask questions meant that he existed.</li><li>100yrs later, Hume showed that we could never be sure that our understanding of cause & effect is true. No matter how often something occurred in the past, it is impossible to prove that it will happen in the future.</li><li>Kant built said there is a difference between our perception of something & the thing in itself. All I can be sure about are my perceptions.</li></ul>

Questioning what we know

"Science is what you know. Philosophy is what you don’t know."

The 21st-century life interfered with our ability to answer these:<ul><li>What I know to be true?. The flood of information (fake news, bad science, social media rumors, manipulative marketing, propaganda) is harder to understand if you can't trust information.</li><li>How I know what is true?. Scandals of corruption are unveiled in every major institution. We are also more aware of irrational biases, prejudices, and wrong assumptions.</li><li>How I should live based on what I believe?. Without knowing what is true (or how to find it), it is less clear how we should live. It creates a sense of existential anxiety.</li></ul>

Philosophy in the 21st-century

Philosophy is examining our understanding of reality and knowledge. Philosophy consists of three major branches:<ol><li>Metaphysics - What is true about existence.</li><li>Epistemology - How we can know that it is true. Epistemology has given us science, logic/reason, economics, psychology, and other theories of knowledge.</li><li>Ethics - What actions we should take as a result of this knowledge. Ethics contains concepts such as democracy, human rights, the treatment of animals, and the environment.</li></ol>When you order your thoughts into a coherent belief system, you are engaging in philosophy.

Defining philosophy

When most people think of philosophy, they believe philosophers simply argue about arguing. Philosophy is viewed as impractical and irrelevant to current issues.In reality, philosophy is likely more useful and important to the average person today than any other time in history.

How we perceive philosophy

Once you begin to question the significance of everything that happens in your life, you may realize that much of what you believe and value was not determined by you but by the people and culture around you.In many cases, we grew up with good values, but everyone has its dysfunctions and obsessions. As adults, we need to reevaluate our values and beliefs and define what matters among a flood of useless information. Doing so will carry consequences for our own mental and emotional well-being. It will also determine the kind of footprint we leave in the world.

Questioning our values

Philosophy can help us live more meaningful lives and build better societies. We just need a framework of philosophy that fits our modern-day problems.

BERTRAND RUSSELL

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