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How Different Psychologists Have Evaluated Intelligence
History of the IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
- The term IQ was first formulated in the early 20th century by William Stern (a German psychologist).
- Psychologist Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence tests to help the French government identify kids who needed extra academic help.
- Although widely used, there continues to be debate and controversy over the use of such testing, cultural biases that may be involved, influences on intelligence, and even the very way we define intelligence.
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Key Ideas
Emotional Intelligence( EQ/EI)
Is the measure of an individual’s abilities to recognise and manage their emotions, and the emotions of other people, both individually and in groups.
Benefits of a higher EQ
- Ease in forming and maintaining interpersonal relationships and in ‘fitting in’ to group situations.
- A better understanding one's own psychological state, which can include managing stress effectively and being less likely to suffer from depression.
IQ and EQ
There is no correlation between IQ and EQ scores.
IQ has no connection with how people understand and deal with their emotions and the emotions of others (EQ).
You simply can’t predict emotional intelligence based on how smart someone is.
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Key Ideas
Learning theories
Learning theories develop hypotheses that describe how learning takes place.
The major theories of learning are the following:
- behaviorist theories
- co...
Behaviorism theories
The behaviorist perspectives of learning originated in the early 1900s. The main idea of behaviorism is that learning consists of a change in behavior because of obtaining, strengthening and applying associations between input from the world, and observations of the individual.
- Learning is reinforced by exercise and repetition, followed by a positive reward.
- Learning takes place when the right parts of more complex behavior are rewarded.
Cognitive psychology
Cognitive psychology started in the late 1950s and contributed to the move away from behaviorism.
- Instead of viewing people as collections of responses to external stimuli, people are viewed as information processors.
- Cognitive psychology was influenced by the computer that processes information, that became analogous to the human mind.
- Cognitive psychology understands learning as absorbing knowledge, acting on it, and storing it in memory.
- The main teaching methods are lecturing and reading textbooks, where the learner receives knowledge passively.
The need to understand psychology
The beginnings of psychology differ significantly from contemporary conceptions of the field. Modern psychology covers a range of topics, looking at human behavior en mental processes from the neur...
The Beginnings of Psychology
Psychology was not separate from philosophy until the late 1800s.
- During the 17th century, philosopher Rene Descartes introduced the idea of dualism - that the mind and body were two entities that interact to complete the human experience.
- While early philosophers relied on methods such as observation and logic, today's psychologists use scientific methodologies to draw conclusions about human thought and behavior.
- Physiological research on the brain and behavior also contributes to psychology.
Psychology as a Separate Discipline
- During the mid-1800s, a German physiologist Wilhelm Wundt outlined many of the major connections between the science of physiology and the study of human thought and behavior.
- He viewed psychology as the study of human consciousness and tried to apply experimental methods to study internal mental processes.
- His processes are known as introspection and seen as unreliable and unscientific today, but it helped to set the stage for future experimental methods.
- The opening of his psychology lab In 1879 is considered to be the official start of psychology as a separate scientific discipline.