Learn more about personaldevelopment with this collection
Understanding the psychological rewards of bad habits
Creating new habits to replace old ones
Developing self-discipline
Personality Psychology: Important Terminology
- Classical conditioning: A behavioural technique where a natural stimulus is paired with a previously neutral stimulus. The previously neutral stimulus eventually cause the response without pairing it to the natural stimulus.
- Operant conditioning: A behaviour training technique where punishments or reinforcements influence behaviour.
- Unconscious: The container for feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories.
- Id: The personality component made up of unconscious psychic energy used to satisfy basic urges, needs, and desires.
- Ego: The unconscious part of the personality that moderates the id's demands, the superego, and reality.
- Superego: The part of personality composed of our internalised ideals that comes from our parents and society.
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Personality Psychology: Research Models
- Experimental methods are used by researchers to control and manipulate the variables of interests and then to measure the results. The ideas are internal, abstract, and difficult to measure.
- Case studies and self-report methods. Case studies rely o...
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Key Characteristics of Personality
- Personality is organized and consistent.
- Personality is generally stable, but the environment can influence it. A shy personality in social situations might take charge and be more outspoken in an emergency.
- Personality causes beha...
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Trait Theories
A trait is a stable characteristic or "blueprint" that causes specific behavioural patterns.
- The three dimensions of personality: extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism.
- Later researchers suggested five dimensio...
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Personality Psychology: Major Theories
- Biological Theories suggest genetics are responsible for personality traits.
- Behavioural Theories suggest that personality is the result of interaction between the individual and the environment.
- Psychodynamic Theories of ...
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Defining Personality
While we often talk about personality, psychologists disagree on what exactly constitutes personality.
Personality is then broadly defined as the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that originate within the person and make a person unique.
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Famous Figures in Psychology
- Sigmund Freud: He was the founder of psychoanalytic theory. His theories emphasised the unconscious mind, childhood experience, dreams, and symbolism.
- Erik Erikson: He was an ego psychologist. His theory of psychosocial stages describes the develop...
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The Psychoanalytic School of Thought
Psychoanalysis emphasises the influence of the unconscious mind on behaviour.
Sigmund Freud found this school of thought. He believed that the mind was composed of three elements that interacted to create complex human behaviours:
- Id consists of p...
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