The art and science of abstract thinking

• Concrete thinking is closely related to experiences that can be directly observed. It involves everyday, tangible facts and physical objects.
• On the other hand, abstract thinking is a higher-order reasoning skill. It deals with conceptual ideas, patterns, and theories. 

Another way to put it is that concrete thinking asks how whereas abstract thinking asks why.

It is possible to improve your abstract reasoning skills.

• Reframe the question. Go from “how?” to “why?” in order to take a step-back and tap into your abstract reasoning skills
• Look for patterns. Instead of looking at each concrete element in isolation, practice networked thinking to uncover abstract patterns and underlying dynamics in the relationship between those elements.
• Take inspiration from abstract thinkers. Philosophers, artists, and scientists are great abstract thinkers.