Who Should Not Drink Black Coffee? Here's a List of 9

People with a history of glaucoma are advised to limit their coffee intake to a maximum of one cup a day.

Glaucoma is an eye disease that damages the optic nerve and can cause permanent blindness.

Planells said drinking coffee can increase intraocular pressure for people with glaucoma. Therefore, he recommends limiting or avoiding coffee intake.

According to research by Mount Sinai, drinking larger amounts of caffeine increases the risk of glaucoma in those who already have a tendency to increase eye pressure.

Penderita aritmia atau gangguan irama jantung yang ditandai dengan detak jantung yang tidak normal, yaitu terlalu cepat, terlalu lambat, atau tidak teratur, tidak dianjurkan untuk minum kopi, terutama kopi hitam.

Ahli diet terdaftar dan Lose It!, Kelli McGrane mengatakan bahwa kafein pada kopi dapat menyebabkan peningkatan sementara dalam tekanan darah dan detak jantung.

Penelitian yang diterbitkan dalam American Journal of Clinical Nutrition menyimpulkan adanya potensi lonjakan jangka pendek dalam tingkat tekanan darah saat minum kafein.

Namun, tidak ada cukup bukti konklusif tentang efek jangka panjang pada tekanan darah atau kesehatan jantung.

However, a 2020 review published in the British Journal of Medicine concluded that there is no safe level of caffeine intake during pregnancy.

Therefore, pregnant women should discuss their caffeine intake with their doctor.

In addition to pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers are also not recommended to drink black coffee.

Planells said, the caffeine in coffee acts as a stimulant and diuretic. This can cause the risk of dehydration in breastfeeding mothers.

Meanwhile, the American Pregnancy Association recommends avoiding caffeine as much as possible during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

McGrane said caffeine is a stimulant that can worsen anxiety in some people, especially those who are prone to panic attacks.

"If you regularly experience anxiety or panic attacks, you may want to consider avoiding or reducing your intake of caffeinated coffee," he said.

Research from General Hospital Psychiatry found that higher levels of caffeine, about five cups of coffee per day, could potentially cause panic attacks in those with anxiety.

This drink is not recommended at all for those who are experiencing diarrhea because it can worsen their health condition.

Limited research has found that black coffee is not recommended for people with epilepsy or seizures.

Planells said coffee consumption has been linked to increased seizure frequency in people with epilepsy. However, more research is needed.

Coffee is not recommended for those who have stomach acid diseases, such as stomach ulcers and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD).

This is because caffeine can loosen the lower esophageal sphincter, which is the valve between the esophagus and stomach.

This can cause acidic stomach contents to enter the esophagus, resulting in uncomfortable GERD symptoms.