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Removing caffeine from coffee
Coffee beans are first softened in hot water or steam. Then caffeine is dissolved from the beans by using a solvent such as methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, or a gentler solvent such as water itself.
Liquid carbon dioxide is a much more expensive alternative, but has the added advantage that it does not remove the flavour molecules.
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Adding flavour molecules
The solvents used to obtain decaf coffee also remove some of the flavour molecules. These are then added back.
One way is to perform a first extraction with water, then shake up the water with a small volume of methylene chloride, or pass it through a charcoal filter. Both processes selectively remove the caffeine from the water but leave most of the flavour molecules.
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SIMILAR ARTICLES & IDEAS:
The history of refrigeration
Refrigeration is the action of creating cooling conditions by removing heat. It is used for preserving food by slowing bacteria growth.
- Around 1000BC, the Chinese u...
Evaporative cooling
- 1720s. Scottish doctor William Cullen saw that evaporation had a cooling effect.
- 1748. Cullen demonstrated his ideas by evaporating ethyl ether in a vacuum.
- 1805. Oliver Evans designed a refrigeration machine that used vapor instead of liquid.
- 1820. English scientist Micahel Faraday used liquefied ammonia for cooling.
- 1835. Jacob Perkins, who worked with Evans, patented a vapor-compression cycle using liquid ammonia.
- 1842. John Gorrie, an American doctor, built a machine similar to Evans's design to artificially create ice and cool down patients with yellow fever.
- New and improved refrigeration ideas continued to be developed, including Albert Einstein's idea of an environmentally friendly refrigerator with no moving parts that did not rely on electricity.
- By 1920, refrigerators were considered essential in American homes.
How refrigerators work
Refrigerators today work by evaporating liquids.
The liquids are pushed through the refrigerator through tubes and begin to vaporize. As the liquids evaporate, they carry heat away with them as the gases travel to a coil outside the refrigerator. Here the heat is released. The gases return to a compressor, where they become liquid again, restarting the cycle.
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Happiness and emotional diversity
While most of us believe that happiness is the key to a long and healthy life, meaning first and foremost a life without stress, recent studies have shown that actually, it is emotional diversity t...
Emotional diversity experiments
In a recent study, focused on measuring the systematic inflammation, a large number of participants were asked to rate the extent to which they had experienced both positive and negative emotions throughout the day, for 30 days. As a result, the people who experienced a wider range of positive emotions were also the ones who had the lowest rates of inflammation.
Emodiversity and its benefits
Experiencing both negative and positive emotions can lead to better mental and physical health.
Furthermore, the chances to get depression or even bad habits seem to be smaller in this particular case when compared to individuals who experience only positive emotions.
My Red Is Your Blue
About 1 per cent of American men suffer from red-green colour blindness.
Recent experiments challenge the accepted notion that all of us have the same default perception o...
The Calculations Of Light
- The colour-sensitive receptors that humans have, called melanopsin, measure the amount of blue or yellow light in the atmosphere and likewise regulate our circadian rhythm.
- Human beings have Cone Cells, which are of three types, Red, Blue, and Green, and have evolved much later than the receptors in the brain.
Colour Is A Private Sensation
- Research proves that the universal emotional responses that we have when we see a colour tend to be the same, even if the actual colour is different, as our conscious perception of those colours varies.
- The day-night cycle of living things is impacted by the ambient light, where the morning yellow light awakens us or makes us feel happy, and the dominance of blue light at night makes us feel sleepy.