Let’s say you go to buy a watch, and the first one you like costs $150, which exceeds your budget, soon after you see a watch that costs $125, this new price seems reasonable now, even though this too might exceed your budget, however, as compared to the first one, it now feels like a better deal.

After reading Gates’ and Musk’s life stories, people seem to fall for the successful dropout myth , because if they can do it, why can’t you?

These stories might expose a fallacy in judgement because in reality, for one success story there are tens of thousands of stories of failure that may not be focused on because of a survivorship bias.

Focusing on only success stories results in “Survivorship Bias”.

The decoy effect occurs when a person’s choice between 2 items changes when a third option, asymmetrically dominated, is introduced.

This third option is made easy to discard.

The decoy option is added to nudge the customers towards the intended target option, which is usually more than they really need. These subtle “nudges” are not meant to be manipulative and restrictive.

The curse of knowledge is a cognitive bias, which occurs when people fail to consider that others don’t have the same background knowledge or information as they do.

Someone knowledgeable in a particular field might find it difficult to put themselves into a beginner’s shoes (or someone who is not familiar with what they’re talking about) when trying to explain a concept at a basic level.

Have you felt that whenever you’re trying to remember someone you met in the past, you find it difficult to recall them from memory but recognise them easily through looking at their pictures?

These scenarios exemplify Recognition over Recall. It’s easier for people to recognize something previously experienced than recall it from memory. Recalling from memory leads to an increase in cognitive load.