Reappraisal

It's not hard evidence that gives us our sense of certainty. Its the feedback of our peers that guides us to tell right from wrong.

We all have beliefs we feel passionate about. Perhaps it is that all animals deserve to be treated with compassion and respect. When someone ...

The real thing requires genuine difficulty. Pretend activity is just difficult enough to make you think you're doing something that matters while avoiding the real difficult things.

The fake activity will make you feel better about yourself, but won't produce results.

Two basic rhetorical positions can help you frame the novelty-and-importance argument in academic research.

• Build on or extend a set of existing ideas. 'Person A has argued that X is true. This implies Y, which has not yet been tested. My project will test Y. If I fi...