"When you give somebody a drug, you don’t just give it to a person – you give it to a social system. And we really don’t understand the effects of these medications in the broader context.”

There’s emerging evidence that ordinary medications - from paracetamol to antihistamines, statins, asthma medications, and antidepressants - can change our brains. They can make us impulsive, angry, or restless, and even alter aspects of our personalities. In most people, changes from taking medicine are extremely subtle. But in some, they can also be dramatic.

Effects of ordinary medication

<ul><li>People with lower cholesterol levels are more likely to die violent deaths.</li><li>If you put primates on a low-cholesterol diet, they become more aggressive. Lowering animals’ cholesterol seems to affect their levels of serotonin. Even fruit flies start fighting if you interfere with their serotonin levels.</li><li>Studies have linked serotonin levels in people to violence, impulsivity, suicide, and murder.</li><li>In a randomized controlled trial, statins were found to increase aggression in post-menopausal women though, oddly, not in men. Giving statins to Nile tilapia made them more confrontational and altered the levels of serotonin in their brains.</li></ul>

Statins and personality changes 

Paracetamol blunts physical pain by reducing activity in certain brain areas, such as the insular cortex, which plays an important role in our emotions. Paracetamol can blunt our social pain too. Recent research has revealed that our brain's pain centers also share their home with empathy. Paracetamol significantly reduces our ability to feel positive empathy.

Side-effect of paracetamol

<ul><li>The US buys an equivalent of 298 paracetamol tablets per person every year.</li><li>The average American consumes $1,200 worth of prescription medications over the same period.</li><li>In the UK, one in 10 people over the age of 65 takes eight medications every week.</li></ul>

The crisis of over-medication

No one is arguing that people should stop taking their medication. However, it is important for people to be informed about how the treatment might potentially change their personalities.

Being informed

<ul><li>Asthma medications are thought to bring on ADHD symptoms by altering levels of serotonin or inflammatory chemicals, which are thought to be involved in the development of both conditions.</li><li>People on antidepressants do feel less depressed, but they also begin not to care about normal things that people care about.</li></ul>

Medications that influence us

"Patient Five" was in his late 50s when a trip to the doctors changed his life. He had diabetes, and he had signed up for a study to see if taking a "statin" - a kind of cholesterol-lowering drug - might help. So far, so normal.

The crisis of over-medication

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