The Stoics beginning with Zeno (the founder of the Stoic philosophy) arranged the passions under four headings:

• Distress - an irrational contraction, or a fresh opinion that something bad is present, at which people think it right to be depressed
• Fear

The wise person is someone who is free from passions. Instead, the sage experiences good-feelings which are clear-headed. These emotional impulses are the correct rational emotions. The Stoics listed the good-feelings under the headings of joy, wish, and caution. Thus if something is present whic...

Two of these passions (distress and delight) refer to emotions currently present, and two of these (fear and lust) refer to emotions directed at the future. Thus there are just two states directed at the prospect of good and evil, but subdivided as to whether they are present or future.

Stoic passions are various forms of emotional suffering in Stoicism. A passion is a disturbing and misleading force in the mind which occurs because of a failure to reason correctly. For Chrysippus, a famous Stoic philosopher, the passions are evaluative judgements. A person experiencing such an ...