Aristotle’s distinction between three aspects of rhetoric:
<ul>
<li>Your logos or logic: your reasons, the facts of the matter as you see them.</li>
<li>Your pathos or emotional appeals to listeners.</li>
<li>Your ethos, your identity or posture: what kind of person you portray yourself as being, so that listeners would want to adhere to the you see things.</li>
</ul>

The art of presenting ideas

<ul>
<li>Make your doubter's case against you, so that they feel heard. Visit the possibility that you’re wrong.</li>
<li>Show that you get them by giving voice to their doubts.</li>
<li> Identify an error you’ve made or something you’ve learned from their feedback.</li>
<li>Admit to miscalculation.</li>
<li>Honor their right to decide for themselves whether to believe you.</li>
</ul>

Exhibit some fallibilism

When people don't trust you, you’re already at a big disadvantage and anything you say can be dismissed as mere defensive revenge.
The best you can do is to resist fighting for infallibility. Instead, defend everyone's fallibility. You will regain credibility if you posture as a learner, not someone last-word learned.

Defending everyone's fallibility

Be careful during the debate, knowing you may have to withdraw in the end. If you take good care, you can withdraw with the consolation of thoroughness. Though you tried hard to restore common ground, you didn’t succeed.
If you have an exit strategy, a way to explain to yourself why you didn’t restore common ground, you won’t feel panicked and tempted to force them into restoring trust in you.

Have an exit strategy

Defending others is much easier than defending yourself without appearing defensive. Here are some ways to keep your defense from backfiring.

Defending everyone's fallibility

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