After a project ends, team members often reflect on what worked, and what did not, something known as post-mortem documentation.

What is often overlooked is a pre-mortem exercise where a team uses visualization and second-level thinking to imagine the various scenarios which could lead to failure and then work backwards, using prospective hindsight.

• Optimism Bias is when we are sure about the success of a certain project or venture and do not take into account the scenarios of failure.
• Temporal Discounting is a cognitive error where we make decisions taking into account the present condition,...