“The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn.”

A knock on the head isn’t the only way to “impair” our brains. Brain damage can be caused by anything that physically changes our brains in a way that makes us less intelligent or functional. Like a lot of self-learning: news or superficial articles that confirm our biases.

Bad learning = brain damage

Each new thing we learn is like adding a new brick to a building and then cementing it to other bricks to create a knowledge structure.  When we’re collecting bad ideas, we are adding shoddy bricks on a poor foundation. Our reasoning is going to be bad and we will suffer.

Junk learning is like a disease

Most information out there will be outdated in months, and it will be a bad strategy to base your knowledge on easily perishable blocks. The strategy here is to consume information that has passed the test of time. A classic book will be more valuable than the latest New York Times №1 bestseller. Don't consume, invest.

When it comes to knowledge, think like an investor

In learning any new domain, our confidence is actually highest when we start. Dunning and Kruger found that when we don’t know what we don’t know, we overestimate our abilities. As philosopher Bertrand Russell famously put it: “The trouble with the world is that the stupid are cocksure and the intelligent are full of doubt.”

Dunning - Kruger Effect

When we are exposed to new information, we adapt to it in one of two ways:  <ol><li>Assimilation — We use our existing base of knowledge to understand a new object or situation.  </li><li>Accommodation — We realize that our existing base of knowledge does not work & we change it to deal with a new situation.</li></ol>Jean Piaget, one of the greatest psychologists, showed that we grow our knowledge when we transform our thinking to be able to accommodate external knowledge that doesn’t fit.

Assimilate or Accommodate

Being too specialized can hurt future learning if done alone. Supplement by spending more of your time learning fundamental knowledge that doesn’t change.

Over-specialization can limit us

Just like eating McDonald’s doesn’t make us healthier, “junk” or “fake” learning doesn’t make us smarter. In fact, this kind of learning actually makes us dumber.

Assuming that all learning is inherently good

It's a cognitive bias that makes us trust a person’s advice in one area of life simply because they are an expert in another area.It’s like buying a Lincoln car because Matthew McConaughey drives one in a Superbowl ad. Or listening to a famous painter giving her grand plan for re-engineering society.

The Halo Effect

Learning is a circular process: <ol><li>Taking in information, </li><li>Reasoning with that information</li><li>Experimenting in the real world, </li><li>Getting feedback ...</li></ol>... and then taking what learn to go through the cycle again.

How Learning Works

When we only hear opinions that confirm our beliefs, our learning is incremental at best. Like our social media bubble: We read the same sites, listen to the same friends (who agree with us!), and watch the same news over and over, which only confirms what we already believe. We learn the most by proving ourselves wrong, not by proving ourselves right.

Confirmation Bias is not Learning

Researchers found that certain parts of the brain of London taxi drivers who completed the training process were significantly larger than aspiring drivers who dropped out of the training program. This shows that the training program was the cause of the growth. 🤯

Assuming that all learning is inherently good

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