• Upward counterfactual thinking is linked with depression.
• Downward counterfactual thinkers use their negative feelings as their motivation to become productive and better their current situations.
• Downward counterfactual thinking can improve romantic relationships, althoug...

We can ask ourselves five questions when faced with disappointment, that will help us to cope better with it:

1. Why am I disappointed?
2. What could I have done to prevent it?
3. How will I perceive this disappointment in five years?
4. When I look back after five yea...

• Whenever we try to achieve a goal, solve problems, predict what is likely to happen or likely to be true or false, we should think things through backwards.
• Avoid what causes the opposite of what you want to achieve.
• Thinking backw...