The most simple form of begging the question: A is true because A is true.

Circular reasoning can also be a bit longer:

• A is true because B is true, and B is true because A is true.
• A is true because B is true, ...

Optimists often fail to have a Plan B because they believe they can control all the elements within Plan A.

Pessimists can alert a team regarding the risks that would require a Plan B.

• Broader categories are always more probable than their subsets. It's more likely someone has a pet than they have a cat. It's more likely someone likes coffee than they like cappuccinos. The extension rule in probability theory thus states that if B is a subset of A, B cannot ...