A zero-waste lifestyle means you opt for sustainable and reusable alternatives and strive to send as little as possible to landfills. This implies replacing as much as possible with reusable products, including clothing, food and drink packaging, and hygiene products, composting what you can, and then only sending a small part of waste to landfills. Zero-waste is impossible, but the visionary term is not about perfection. It's about making a conscious effort to make better choices.

Living a zero-waste lifestyle

The goal of zero waste is to move to a circular economy, which is where rubbish has no existence. Instead of discarding valuable resources, creating a circular economy proposes reusing items or sending them to be recycled so they can be used fully in the system. <ul><li>Designing and managing products and processes can reduce the volume and toxicity of waste and materials and conserve and recover all resources.</li><li>Many manufacturing companies are looking at designing long-lasting, easily maintainable and repairable products.</li></ul>

Circular economy

A landfill site or rubbish dump is a site for dumping waste materials. <ul><li>The decaying rubbish produces weak acidic chemicals, which combine with liquids in the waste to form leachate and landfill gas, which can be toxic. About 42% of all greenhouse gas emissions are caused by the production and use of goods, including food, products and packaging.</li><li>Landfills are changing and destroying animals' natural habitats. Landfill waste is often overloaded with chemicals that can disturb plant growth in nearby areas if it leaches into the ground. The chemicals contaminate plants and waters.</li></ul>

The problem with landfills

The success of any zero waste goal relies on the education and participation of communities and business organisations. <ul><li>Encouraging people to use waste-free practices and taking active participation in designing resource management systems to reduce waste would be invaluable.</li><li>Public education campaigns can inspire participation.</li></ul>

Engaging the community

Start by looking through your trash and recycling bins to see what you're throwing out the most. <ul><li>If your garbage is filled with food scraps, start composting.</li><li>Use eco-friendly versions of paper products like napkins, paper towels, and tissues.</li><li>If you have a lot of food packaging, start buying food from bulk sections where you can bring your own reusable container or packaging.</li></ul>

How to start a zero-waste lifestyle at home

Paper produces about 60-80% of waste. Think before you print. Consider pull-printing as 30% of printing is never collected from the printer. Reduce plastic waste<ul><li>Remove plastic straws from your office</li><li>Ban disposable cutlery and plates</li><li>Cut down on single-use food packaging</li><li>Switch to reusable drinks bottles and coffee cups</li><li>Decrease product packaging</li><li>Then recycle what's left</li></ul> Set up an effective bin system with clear labelling to ensure your staff correctly recycle waste. Educate your staff. Recycling is complicated. Each waste management company uses its own system and has different recycling rules.

How to start a zero waste lifestyle at work

What it means to live a sustainable lifestyle

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Find out just what the term zero waste means here, and how you can make changes in your lifestyle or business with the goal of sending less waste to landfill

What is Zero Waste? What is the Zero Waste Movement?

Back to the subject of the dimensions of quantum physics. Is there anything faster than the speed of light? There is.We must first realize that the concept of going beyond the speed of light does not invalidate the concept of "nothing exceeds the speed of light".As long as the speed is in the version of light traveling in a vacuum, then light is always the fastest. However, if the way it travels outside vacuum, the results will be different.

SPEED of LIGHT

There are 3 ways how speed is expressed in the universe.<ol><li class="ql-align-justify">Speed ​​from one point to another point (vines through intermediary or in the vacuum goes without going through intermediary)</li><li class="ql-align-justify">Contraction speed (shrink-expand)</li><li class="ql-align-justify">Connected Speed</li></ol>Not all ways are expressed. I did not include, how is it possible to penetrate the dimensions. Even though one of those 3 things is capable of doing it.

The Speed

This is the speed going from one point to another (point 1.)

One to Another

This is the speed of contraction (shrink-expansion) - point 2.

Contraction (Shrink-Expansion)

This is the connected speed - point 3.

Connected Speed

One Tap. This is the connected speed - point 3.

One Tap Speed

Quantum Entanglement

At the speed of point 1, it involves many stages (frame by frame, many stages). More than one tap.In the same session, the distance traveled for point 1. is smaller than the distance for point 2. because point 2. can widen in different directions simultaneously, while point 1. only goes in one direction.

SPEED & RANGE (Measurements In Vacuum) - Gradual

At this speed. even though it contracts & expands in different directions, and can be simultaneously.The distance traveled is wider than the distance traveled at the speed of point 1.The top speed is still equivalent to the speed of point 1. because both of them are actually still going from one point to another.Judging from the distance traveled, it seems that point 2. is faster than point 1. (speed of light in vacuum), even though, one side expands at the same rate as point 1. from one to another.Highest speed of point 1. & 2. is the same, but the distance with point 2 is wider than point 1

SPEED & RANGE (Measurements In Vacuum) - Simultaneous

At point 3 speed, it only involves one tap in the same distance traveled, so it is a way of reaching speeds beyond the speed of light. It's just that this can't be compared because it ran on a different way

SPEED & RANGE (Measurements In Vacuum) - One Tap

Even though there is a connection between two points, this will not give the connected speed (point 3), but it is just the propagation speed (point 1.)

Gradual Speed

In quantum entanglement, two things are connected A <-> B, so that when one changes (A), there is also a changing in (B), regardless of the distance. This makes sense because the connectivity is spontaneous.

The Unity of the Universe From the Point of View of VelocityIt should be realized that the connected speed (one tap) in the universe (quantum entanglement), can only occur if there is a spontaneous connection.Regardless spontaneous detected through quantum entanglement can occur at any distance.Spontaneous connectedness like this can only occur if the whole area that is the foundation for this kind of connectivity is connected as one. What does that mean?The foundation for achieving the speed of a single tap must be connected to each other without a break - without any separation.

THE ONENESS OF EXISTENCE (the UNIVERSE)

Universal Quantum

When an excessive number of tourists visit a popular destination or attraction, it causes damage to the local environment and historical sites and creates a poorer quality of life for residents. Sustainable tourism is a framework for engaging travellers and the travel industry in supporting goals that include protecting the environment, addressing climate change, minimizing plastic consumption, and expanding economic development in communities that are affected by tourism.

Overtourism

A National Geographic survey in the U.S. found that while 42 percent of U.S. travellers would be willing to prioritise sustainable travel in the future, only 15 percent of these travellers are familiar with what sustainable travel actually means. Fifty percent of consumers familiar with sustainable travel are between 18 and 34 years old.

National Geographic survey results

The travel industry is dependent on the health of local communities, environments, and cultures. To achieve sustainable tourism, we need to invest in the resiliency of places affected by overtourism. Storytelling can help by highlighting problems brought on by tourism and providing resources, practical tips, and destination advice for travellers who want to explore the world while leaving behind a lighter footprint.

Building better practices

Most people want to support sustainable tourism, even though the concept remains fuzzy.

What does sustainable travel mean?

In our current economy, we use a linear process where we take materials from the Earth, make products from them, and eventually throw them away as waste. In a circular economy, we stop producing waste by transitioning to renewable energy and materials. The resilient system is good for business, people and the environment.

The circular economy is a systems solution framework that tackles global challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, waste, and pollution. It is based on three principles, driven by design:<ol><li>Eliminate waste and pollution</li><li>Circulate products and materials at their highest value</li><li>Regenerate nature</li></ol>

Three principles of a circular economy

Definition and principles of a circular economy. Find out why it's much more than recycling, how companies are making circular economy products and dig deeper with diagrams, circular economy examples and videos.

What is a circular economy?

Scientists haven’t solved this still called “Hard Problem of Consciousness,” and a materialist solution is nowhere in sight. Not for lack of trying. Some, improving on Darwin, insist that chimpanzees really do think like people if you study them enough (no, they don’t). Others claim that artificial intelligence will soon surpass human intelligence. If so, that would be a credit to human intelligence because we created it.

Is The Mind Simply An Organ That Evolved Naturally?

AI capable of thinking like a human would be a philosophical problem, to be sure, because it would mean both that intelligence can create itself and that it can be instantiated in a non-biological form. However, such a development would not demonstrate that human intelligence is a material thing or that it arose from a material thing. If anything, it would more readily suggest the opposite.

Is Human Intelligence A Material Thing?

Neil Thomas, Reader Emeritus in the University of Durham, England and a longtime member of the British Rationalist Association notes the key role neuroscience has played in undermining a purely materialist account of the mind — an unexpected role for neuroscience, perhaps, but that’s what happened:”Neuroscientist Donald Hoffman, who once worked with DNA co-discoverer Francis Crick in attempting to crack the problem of human consciousness, recently conceded that the nature and origins of consciousness remain “completely unsolved” and may best be termed an eternal mystery.”

Undermining The Materialistic Account Of The Mind

The brusque and decidedly no-nonsense Crick was in the event fated to meet his Waterloo when it came to the subject of consciousness, explains Hoffman. Crick had at first attempted to explain it somewhat airily as nothing but an “emergent” property which “naturally” arose when matter reaches a certain level of complexity. However, he was at length obliged to withdraw that vacuous contention, conceding that there is nothing about conscious experience that is relatable to the physical stuff or material of the brain. Consciousness simply lies beyond our empirical perception and cognitive reach.

Consciousness Just Cannot “Arise Naturally” 

Hoffman develops the point further: “At the most microcosmic level the brain consists of subatomic particles which have qualities like mass, spin and charge. There is nothing about these qualities that relates to the qualities associated with consciousness such as thought, taste, pain or anxiety.” To suggest otherwise, continues Hoffman, would be like asserting that numbers might emerge from biscuits or ethics from rhubarb.

Numbers Just Cannot Emerge From Biscuits

Both Hoffman and Crick were finally forced to conclude that all purely physicalist theories of consciousness had failed to provide illumination and that the state of consciousness could not be explained in neurological terms, a conclusion powerfully endorsed for more than three decades by distinguished British neuroscientist Raymond Tallis in his long opposition to what he terms “Darwinitis.”Any physicalist theory of consciousness must reckon with the fact that consciousness deals with information, which is not a material thing and follows different principles from matter and energy.

Darwinitis

One outcome in science today is the rise of panpsychism, the view that all life forms participate in consciousness to at least some minimal. Panpsychism attracts many because it allows consciousness to be real rather than illusory (as per physicalism) but it remains in the same general thought world as, say, Hoffman — though not that of Richard Dawkins. Wallace himself, as Hoffman notes, came to embrace a sort of natural theology. He contributed to a number of streams of early twentieth-century thought, as Michael Flannery’s book Nature’s Prophet details.

Panpsychism

The bottom line seems to be that we are not only ignorant but, alas, prostrate in our ignorance of the brain’s arcana. Theoretically, of course, there may yet emerge an as yet undiscovered materialist explanation for the brain and human consciousness. But to date we must conclude that today’s science cannot with integrity support such a claim on the evidence presently available.In any event, neuroscience today could marshall as many arguments in support of Wallace’s view of the human mind than of Darwin’s.

Natural Selection Vs Natural Thrology

Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913) share the credit, technically, for the theory of evolution by natural selection but Darwin became the icon. One reason they parted ways was that Wallace did not agree with Darwin that the human mind was simply an organ that evolved naturally, like any other. There had to be something more to it.

Philosopher Neil Thomas points out how neuroscience today has undermined a purely materialist account of the mind — an unexpected role but that’s what happened.

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The farthest Human settlement which is constantly under Human interaction, is the International Space Station (ISS)Established in almost 2000 and has been occupied and monitored by humans ever since

The Farthest Human Settlement

The farthest Humans have ever been in this vastness, is not so vast... We have only landed on our own moon since the start of the space ageThe farthest Humans went was during the Apollo missions, specifically the one, in which the astronauts landed on the opposite side of the moon, making it the farthest Humans ever went.

The Farthest Humans Ever Went

The farthest moving ground robot Humans have sent is to our neighbour, Mars... We have sent many rovers on Mars, most popular being Spirit, Opportunity, Curiosity, And the latest Perseverance RoversThe perseverance rover also had a companion helicopter called ingenuity that made the first flight on another celestial body

The Farthest Moving Ground Robot

The farthest we have Ever landed on any celestial body is Saturn's moon TitanWhile the Cassini huygens mission, the Cassini probe detached its companion Huygens probe into the atmosphere of Titan, where it slowly descended onto its surface and shows us the pictures and info of Titan... It was immovable though... Sadly

The Farthest Ground Touching Satellite

The farthest object ever visited by a flyby was a peanut shaped asteroid in the Kuiper beltAfter visiting the dwarf planet Venus, the New Horizons satellite went on its journey to the asteroid and sent us it's pictures and data. It is the farthest Humans ever visited.

The Farthest Celestial Body Visited

Launched with great plans is the Voyager 1 in the last centuryIt visited the outer planets and sent us their info, and then, by their gravity also got an astonishing speed that allowed them to reach the escape velocity of the sun. Right now Voyager 1 has left the solar system officially and 150 AU away from EarthIt is still in contact and is expected to lose contact with us in the next 5 or 6 years... It will then keep drifting away in the dark empty space all aloneBut, it has a Golden disc with sounds and images of Earth, with the hope that some aliens will find it one day & know about us :)

The Farthest Any Artificial Object Ever Went 

What are the farthest things humanity has achieved in space... Let's find out

Humanity's farthest Milestones

The planet is massively covered with Ocean of water. But this comes as 4 times the mass of the earth. As the ocean accounts for a depth of 11 km on Earth, on this planet it is at a depth of 100 km. Due to such a large distance and high pressure at the very depth of the ocean, the water gets converted into ICE 7. This ice is different as it doesn't melt and isn't cold as compared to ours. Scientists had a quarrel about existence of living species, as there could be a microbial life at very bottom.

GJ1214-b - The Sphere Of Ocean

Situated atleast 63 lightyears away from Earth, it is actually bigger than Jupiter, remains surrounded by gas clouds manifesting blue and white swirls over the planet.In astronomy the planet is famous for its silica rains and glass storms. It is known to have a wind speed of 5400 mph and a extreme temperature of 930 °C. Any astronauts won't be able to survive this harsh weather.

HD189773-b - The Glass Hurricanes

The blistering red lava planet is a rocky sphere covered entirely with magma. The exoplanet is semi exposed to the sun and the rest remains in the dark. Thus, the temperature shots from 177°C to 2600°C.This is planet is also known as the tombing zone, as at such a high temperature the rocks with some different composition vaporise and become clouds shower rocks on the other side, which cloud precisely be deadly.

COROT-7b - Boulder Bashing Rains 

Also known as the evil twin planet, it is mainly 67 million miles away from the Sun. The Venus has gravity which 100 times as if the Earth, if so any human steps onto the planet, it will get squashed immediately.The planet is well-known for its appearance due to the presence of Sulphuric Acid clouds, also the wind speeds are same as of to the Earth that is 224 mph.

VENUS - The Acid Giant 

The moon of Saturn is circumvented since 2005 by astronomists. The moon has the size 1.19 times of Earth. It has a extreme temperature of -179°C. The planet contains dense clouds of liquid Methane which is deadly for any human.But significantly 20% of the planet is contained with Natural Gas which is mainly 100 times the amount which is present on the earth. Hence, for somebody like Elon Musk this could have been the bulls-eye planet than Mars.

Titan - The Dream Of Any Oil Entrepreneur 

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<ul><li>Being one of the oldest civilizations in the world, India has rich history and culture as well as a long and solid scientific and technological tradition.</li><li> Thus, it is not surprising that India gave many important inventions to the world</li></ul>

Inventions In India Or By Indians!

<ul><li>Buttons were used for the first time in Mohenjo-daro, the civilization of the Indus Valley, with an ornamental purpose 2000 BC About 5,000 years ago. </li><li>The first buttons were made of shells and had two holes in the middle</li></ul>

1. Buttons

<ul><li>Created under the name Chaturaṅga which translates as 'the four divisions', meaning infantry, cavalry, elephantry, and chariotry, represented by the pieces that would evolve into the modern pawn, knight, bishop, and rook during the Gupta Empire in the 6th century.</li></ul>

2. Chess

<ul><li>Made of ivory, the oldest ruler was discovered in the Indus Valley civilization and date back to the year 1500 BC. </li><li>The subdivisions of the decimal system are surprisingly accurate.</li><li> One such specimen was even calibrated to 1/16 of an inch—less than 2 millimetres.</li><li> These kinds of rulers were clearly very prominent, as even bricks of the valley’s buildings were found to follow the same measurements. </li></ul>

3. Ruler

<ul><li>The English word Shampoo is derived from the word chāmpo which comes from the Sanskrit word ‘Chapayati’, meaning massage or knead. </li></ul>It was initially used as a hair massage for the provincial governors of Bengal during the Mughal Empire of India, in 1762.

4. Shampoo

Nobel Prize winner Guglielmo Marconi whose predecessor in connection with the development of wireless telegraphy was the scientist Jagadish Chandra Bose, who conducted a public demonstration of microwave transmission in Calcutta in 1895.

5. Wireless Communication

<ul><li>The concept of zero as a number and not just as a symbol or an empty space of separation occurred in the ninth century BC, where it came to be used in calculus and arithmetic. </li><li>In the middle of the year 458, after Christ, the Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata created the symbol for zero, and thanks to it, this number was recognized worldwide as a suitable digit.</li></ul>

. Zero

<ul><li>Indian physician Sushruta was the first to surgically operate on cataracts, as early as the 6th century.</li><li> The fame was so wide that not only Chinese scientists, but also Greeks, travelled to India to get operations done and learn about their techniques. </li><li>The same doctor was a pioneer in cosmetic surgery, based on local practices, which dated back to 2000 BC</li></ul>

7. Cataract surgery and cosmetic surgery

<ul><li>Until the discovery of diamond mines in Brazil, in the 18th century, and for more than 5000 years ago, central India was the only source of diamonds in the world.</li></ul>

8. Diamond Mines

<ul><li>Various ancient civilizations and cultures independently discovered different ink techniques for writing. </li><li>However, the Indians were the first to use carbon pigments, in the so-called musi ink. </li><li>This technique was already widely used in southern India in the fourth century BC.</li></ul>

9. Ink

<ul><li>Fortune magazine named Narinder Singh Kapany an Indian-American physicist as one of the seven greatest unsung heroes of mankind for his invention of fibre optics. </li><li>He is also known as the ‘Father of Fiber Optics’ for his pioneering work in Fiber Optics technology.</li></ul>

10. Fiber optics

<ul><li>Ayurvedic medicine is considered to be the oldest health science, originated in India about 5000 years ago. </li><li>Ayurveda literally means "science of life". It is a word with 2 Sanskrit roots – AYU, meaning “life”, and VEDA, “knowledge or science”.</li><li> Ayurveda originated in the Vedas, the oldest literature in the world.</li></ul>

11. Ayurveda

<ul><li>A man with much praise, Ajay V. Bhatt an American-Indian computer architect made the USB, a small removable storage device that is capable of holding a large amount of storage and data transfer and is easy to carry and use. </li><li>The USB port he developed was adapted and developed by tech giants, such as Apple and Microsoft. Even so, he did not make a dime from his invention</li><li> Ajay said that he didn't want to do anything for money, but wanted to bring about change and innovation in technology.</li></ul>

12. The USB (Universal Serial Bus) 

<ul><li>It is a physical and mental discipline that is practised by millions of people worldwide for living a healthy and peaceful life but not many know that Yoga was actually introduced by Indians. </li><li>The first forms of yoga would have taken place between 10,000 and 5,000 BC.</li></ul>

13. Yoga

The Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was the first to prove the existence of water on the Moon, in September 2009. The discovery of lunar water is attributed to the Chandrayaan mission.

14.Existence of Water on the Moon

Being one of the oldest civilizations in the world, it is not surprising that India gave many important inventions to the world. Here 15 most amazing inventions and discoveries that actually were invented in India or by Indians:

15 Greatest Inventions You Probably Didn’t Know Were Actually Invented By Indians Or In India

The second as we know it was one introduced in the late 1500s when the Gregorian calendar began to spread across the globe alongside British colonialism. The Gregorian calendar defined a day as a single revolution of the Earth about its axis. A day could be divided into 24 hours, each hour into 60 minutes, and each minute into 60 seconds. Yet, the second was more a mathematical idea than a useful unit of time.

The history of the second

The second only became important when society became interconnected through fast-moving railways where cities needed to agree on exact timekeeping. By the 1950s, several global systems required every second to be accounted for with as much precision as possible.  Today, devices are synchronised to help us maintain a globally consistent time, from radio signal transmitters to satellites for global positioning systems.

The growing importance of the second

As early as 1955, researchers started to develop atomic clocks, which relied on the laws of physics to establish a new foundation for timekeeping. An atom consists of negatively charged electrons orbiting a positively charged nucleus at a consistent frequency. You can lightly disturb an electron's orientation if you expose an atom to an electromagnetic field such as light or radio waves. If you briefly tweak an electron at the right frequency, the vibration will resemble a ticking pendulum and can tick for centuries.

Atomic clocks

Before timekeeping could go fully atomic, countries had to decide which atom would work best.  At the Thirteenth General Conference of the International Committee for Weights and Measures in 1967, researchers decided on Cesium-133. The element conformed to the following specifications:<ul><li>It had a long-lived and high-frequency electron oscillation for precise, long-term timekeeping.</li><li>It maintained a reliably measurable quantum spin </li><li>It could easily vaporise.</li></ul>

Finding the right element

Determining how many ticks of a caesium atom were in a second, the conference used the most precise astronomical measurement of a second available at the time.  They started with the number of days in a year and divided it down. Compared to the atom’s ticking rate, one second was defined as exactly 9,192,631,770 ticks of a caesium-133 atom.

The cesium standard

Discover how scientists developed atomic clocks, which use the vibrations of atoms to measure and maintain a globally consistent time. -- In 1967, researchers gathered to answer a long-running scientific question: just how long is a second? It might seem obvious at first. A second is the tick of a clock, the swing of a pendulum, the time it takes to count to one. But how precise are those measurements? And what is that length based on? John Kitching digs into how we scientifically define this fundamental unit of time. Lesson by John Kitching, directed by Tjoff Koong. Support Our Non-Profit Mission ---------------------------------------------- Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon Check out our merch: http://bit.ly/TEDEDShop ---------------------------------------------- Connect With Us ---------------------------------------------- Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram ---------------------------------------------- Keep Learning ---------------------------------------------- View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/who-decides-how-long-a-second-is-john-kitching Dig deeper with additional resources: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/who-decides-how-long-a-second-is-john-kitching#digdeeper Animator's website: http://greenhouseanimation.com/directors/tjoff-koong/ ---------------------------------------------- Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Po Foon Kwong, NinjaBoffin, Jesse Jurman, Josue Perez Miranda, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, Lawrence Wu, Xavier Dupont, Aravind Battaje, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, John Hong, Annastasshia Ames, Sebastiaan Hols, Aries SW, Amy Lopez, Liz Candee, Kathryn Vacha, Anthony Arcis, Jeffrey Segrest, Karmi Nguyen, Yelena Baykova, Harshita Jagdish Sahijwani, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Mohamed Elsayed, Les Howard, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Abhishek Bansal, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Charles A Hershberger, Robert Seik, Heidi Stolt, Alexis Hevia, Brady Jones, Christina Salvatore, Karlee Finch, Michael Goldberg, Mario Mejia, Nicolas Silva, Kurt Almendras, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry and Kristiyan Bonev.

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Discover how scientists developed atomic clocks, which use the vibrations of atoms to measure and maintain a globally consistent time. 

--

In 1967, researchers gathered to answer a long-running scientific question: just how long is a second? It might seem obvious at first. A second is the tick of a clock, the swing of a pendulum, the time it takes to count to one. But how precise are those measurements? And what is that length based on? John Kitching digs into how we scientifically define this fundamental unit of time.

Lesson by John Kitching, directed by Tjoff Koong.

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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Po Foon Kwong, NinjaBoffin, Jesse Jurman, Josue Perez Miranda, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, Lawrence Wu, Xavier Dupont, Aravind Battaje, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, John Hong, Annastasshia Ames, Sebastiaan Hols, Aries SW, Amy Lopez, Liz Candee, Kathryn Vacha, Anthony Arcis, Jeffrey Segrest, Karmi Nguyen, Yelena  Baykova, Harshita Jagdish Sahijwani, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Mohamed Elsayed, Les Howard, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Abhishek Bansal, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Charles A Hershberger, Robert Seik, Heidi Stolt, Alexis Hevia, Brady Jones, Christina Salvatore, Karlee Finch, Michael Goldberg, Mario Mejia, Nicolas Silva, Kurt Almendras, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry and Kristiyan Bonev.

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Who decides how long a second is? - John Kitching

Humans have an innate language instinct, which allows them to tackle communication on a whole other level.<ul><li>Since children learn grammar without studying it, they must have an innate capability to understand it.</li><li>There are two central principles behind all languages, which make them learnable.</li><li>You don’t have to worry about correct grammar so much, as its rules are only one part of using language correctly.</li></ul>

A Natural At Learning Languages

<ul><li> Language is the biological adaptation to communicate.</li><li> There have been anthropological studies of tribes that had no contact with the larger world until the 1920s. Among those tribes, language was acquired seamlessly, without specific instruction. </li><li>The human capacity for language is termed by the author as “Mentalese.” </li><li>Humans acquired language through their biology. This innate possession of language a “Universal Grammar.”</li><li>This proclamation ran counter to the social science theories of the time, which contended that language had to be deliberately taught by adults.</li></ul>

Defining Language

Since children learn languages as early as 18 months old, but can only learn from observing adults that do it the right way, they have no way of actively telling what’s right from wrong – they’re not studying languages, they just absorb them.Yet they still apply the right rules at the right time. For example, even deaf children apply the correct grammar, just by learning sign language from their parents.

Early Instinct

Children have a “window” for maximum language learning, while adults tend to have trouble learning a second language. This window must exist because children around four years old learn grammar and vocabulary so quickly; this exponential learning cannot be explained by adult intervention or guidance. Language learning can be encouraged, and children must be in a social environment to absorb language, but the exact words they remember and the grammar they display probably has a biological basis.

The Window To Learn A Language

All languages are based on the same two core principles.How come we can talk so effortlessly to one another? What is it about language that makes it so easy to communicate with it? There are two forces at play here:<ul><li>The arbitrariness of the sign.</li><li>Our infinite use of finite media.</li></ul>

The Two Core Principles

The form words take doesn’t have a direct relation to their meaning.For example the word “cat” doesn’t sound like a cat. The sound cats make is “meow” and they’re silent when they walk, whereas “cat” is a pretty strong, snappy, short and loud word.This is a good thing, because it keeps us from trying to decipher what the word “cat” means by thinking about the way it sounds and instead lets us jump instantly to the result, because we’ve paired the word with the image through generations of rote learning instead.

Signs Are Arbitrary

This principle allows us to express anything and everything, because even though the number of words in any given language is limited, the number of combinations of words isn’t. Since we use the rules of grammar to create our own sentences, we’re not limited in how much we can express, which makes it easier to get your point across.

Infinite Use Of Finite Media

Grammar is a crucial part of language, and it pays to know it well. However, while you’d be punished horribly in school in the 1920s for bad grammar, today it’s not such a big deal, mainly because grammar rules are only one type of rules that determine how well you use language.Grammar rules are prescriptive, which means they tell us how we’re supposed to talk or write. More and more though, scientists are concerned with descriptive rules, which describe how we actually talk.

Grammar Is Getting Worse, But It's Okay

You can be very much descriptively correct with your grammar, while being wrong in a prescriptive sense, just like a driver can follow the rules of physics in his car while breaking the laws of the country he’s driving in. Correct grammar is very much a relative thing, so don’t stress too much about it!

The Right Grammar Is Subjective

The theory that language is an instinct has opened up the possibility that humans have had access to language learning for about 2.5 million years. There are specific genes and regions of the brain that develop to allow the individual to practice language.While popular media accounts claim that chimpanzees can learn American Sign Language, most data suggest that chimpanzees are not mentally wired to acquire language. They lack the language instinct that humans possess.

Our Brains Are Hard-Wired For Learning Language

The audible signals people can produce are not a series of crisp beeps like on a touch-tone phone. Speech is a river of breath, bent into hisses and hums by the soft flesh of the mouth and throat.

Humans are so innately hardwired for language that they can no more suppress their ability to learn and use language than they can suppress the instinct to pull a hand back from a hot surface.

 We are born with an innate capability to understand languages.

The classic book on the development of human language by the world’s leading expert on language and the mind. In this classic, the world's expert on language and mind lucidly explains everything you always wanted to know about language: how it works, how children learn it, how it changes, how the brain computes it, and how it evolved. With deft use of examples of humor and wordplay, Steven Pinker weaves our vast knowledge of language into a compelling story: language is a human instinct, wired into our brains by evolution. The Language Instinct received the William James Book Prize from the American Psychological Association and the Public Interest Award from the Linguistics Society of America. This edition includes an update on advances in the science of language since The Language Instinct was first published.

The Language Instinct

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